{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T10:03:22Z","timestamp":1792490602000,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006640","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]],"date-time":"2018-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532390400000}}],"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]],"date-time":"2018-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["38874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["38874"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]],"date-time":"2018-07-12T17:34:43Z","timestamp":1531416883000},"page":"e0006640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Clinical, environmental, and behavioral characteristics associated with Cryptosporidium infection among children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in rural western Kenya, 2008\u20132012: The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4074-1367","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miranda J.","family":"Delahoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Omore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy L.","family":"Ayers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharine A.","family":"Schilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna J.","family":"Blackstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Benjamin","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feny","family":"Moke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Jaron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Awuor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caleb","family":"Okonji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Juma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamer H.","family":"Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilruba","family":"Nasrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Panchalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Nataro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Kotloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myron M.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Oundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn M.","family":"Roellig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele B.","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Laserson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Mintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Breiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciara E.","family":"O'Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00151-5","article-title":"Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED)","volume":"3","author":"JA Platts-Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004729","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004729","article-title":"The Burden of <italic>Cryptosporidium<\/italic> Diarrheal Disease among Children &lt; 24 Months of Age in Moderate\/High Mortality Regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, Utilizing Data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)","volume":"10","author":"SO Sow","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e758","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30283-3","article-title":"Morbidity, mortality, and long-term consequences associated with diarrhoea from <italic>Cryptosporidium<\/italic> infection in children younger than 5 years: a meta-analyses study","volume":"6","author":"IA Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6901.417","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in infancy and childhood mortality in Guinea Bissau, west Africa","volume":"307","author":"K M\u00f8lbak","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1086\/514247","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in northeastern Brazilian children: association with increased diarrhea morbidity","volume":"177","author":"DG Agnew","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009675","article-title":"Effects of <italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/italic> infection in Peruvian children: growth faltering and subsequent catch-up growth","volume":"148","author":"W Checkley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0898","article-title":"Factors Associated with the Duration of Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea among Children in Rural Western Kenya Enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, 2008\u20132012","volume":"97","author":"KA Schilling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.78","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis: prevalence, genotype analysis, and symptoms associated with infections in children in Kenya","volume":"75","author":"W Gatei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-015-0057-8","article-title":"Challenges and Innovative Strategies to Interrupt <italic>Cryptosporidium<\/italic> Transmission in Resource-Limited Settings","volume":"2","author":"A Samie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1086\/428839","article-title":"Nitazoxanide: a new thiazolide antiparasitic agent","volume":"40","author":"LM Fox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328357e569","article-title":"Burden of disease from cryptosporidiosis","volume":"25","author":"D-AT Shirley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0304","article-title":"Risk factors for cryptosporidiosis among children in a semi urban slum in southern India: a nested case-control study","volume":"91","author":"R Sarkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-017-1093-3","article-title":"Epidemiology of <italic>Cryptosporidium<\/italic> in Pediatric Diarrheal Illnesses","volume":"54","author":"A Dabas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000396","article-title":"High-risk enteric pathogens associated with HIV infection and HIV exposure in Kenyan children with acute diarrhoea","volume":"28","author":"PB Pavlinac","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"11","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis and its genotypes among children attending Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Eldoret, Kenya","volume":"89","author":"CI Nyamwange","year":"2012","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Intestinal parasitic infections in children presenting with diarrhoea in outpatient and inpatient settings in an informal settlement of Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"13","author":"CK Mbae","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S232","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis753","article-title":"The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries: epidemiologic and clinical methods of the case\/control study","volume":"55","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S294","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis754","article-title":"Diagnostic microbiologic methods in the GEMS-1 case\/control study","volume":"55","author":"S Panchalingam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1086\/318090","article-title":"Identification of 5 Types of <italic>Cryptosporidium<\/italic> Parasites in Children in Lima, Peru","volume":"183","author":"L Xiao","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys108","article-title":"Profile: The KEMRI\/CDC Health and Demographic Surveillance System\u2014Western Kenya","volume":"41","author":"FO Odhiambo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.1151","article-title":"Health and demographic surveillance in rural western Kenya: a platform for evaluating interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases","volume":"73","author":"K Adazu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref23","author":"M de Onis","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref24","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref25","author":"B Iglewicz","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"WHO\/UNICEF Joint Water Supply and Sanitation Monitoring Programme, World Health Organization, UNICEF. Progress on sanitation and drinking water. 2015."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x","article-title":"Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso","author":"R Tibshirani","year":"1996","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B Methodol"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Simon N, Friedman J, Hastic T, Tibshirani R. Package \u201cSGL.\u201d 2013."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.8.1057","article-title":"<italic>Cryptosporidium<\/italic>, chronic diarrhoea and the proximal small intestinal mucosa","volume":"33","author":"AD Phillips","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.05.076","article-title":"Prolonged Episodes of Acute Diarrhea Reduce Growth and Increase Risk of Persistent Diarrhea in Children","volume":"139","author":"SR Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61692-4","article-title":"Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital","volume":"371","author":"CG Victora","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0142055","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142055","article-title":"Genetic Diversity of <italic>Cryptosporidium<\/italic> in Children in an Urban Informal Settlement of Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"10","author":"C Mbae","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000135174.63482.43","article-title":"A structural approach to selection bias","volume":"15","author":"MA Hern\u00e1n","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiol Camb Mass"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2017.03.006","article-title":"The Burden and Etiology of Diarrheal Illness in Developing Countries","volume":"64","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004564","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004564","article-title":"Natural History of Cryptosporidiosis in a Longitudinal Study of Slum-Dwelling Bangladeshi Children: Association with Severe Malnutrition","volume":"10","author":"PS Korpe","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009086","article-title":"Asymptomatic and symptomatic cryptosporidiosis: their acute effect on weight gain in Peruvian children","volume":"145","author":"W Checkley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref37","year":"2005"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006640","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]],"date-time":"2018-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532390400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006640","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T04:37:52Z","timestamp":1720413472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006640"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Gagandeep","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006640","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006640","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]]}}}