{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T04:58:04Z","timestamp":1784869084173,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007329","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556755200000}}],"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]],"date-time":"2019-04-22T17:28:39Z","timestamp":1555954119000},"page":"e0007329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The spatial epidemiology of leprosy in Kenya: A retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8940-8680","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fatihiyya","family":"Wangara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillary","family":"Kipruto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Ngesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Kayima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enos","family":"Masini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Sitienei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faith","family":"Ngari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Global Leprosy Strategy, 2016\u20132020: Accelerating towards a leprosy-free world","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"WHO. Leprosy fact sheet. 2017 June. [Cited 10th Feb 2018]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.searo.who.int\/entity\/global_leprosy_programme\/topics\/factsheet\/en\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.searo.who.int\/entity\/global_leprosy_programme\/topics\/factsheet\/en\/<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"461","article-title":"Global leprosy update: need for early case detection. 2014","volume":"36","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Kenya National Tuberculosis Leprosy and Lung Disease Program. Annual Report 2015; 24. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.nltp.co.ke\/annual-reports\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.nltp.co.ke\/annual-reports\/<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Kenya NTLD Program Annual Report, 2014. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.nltp.co.ke\/annual-reports\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.nltp.co.ke\/annual-reports\/<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Kenya National Bureau of Statistics: Facts and Figures. 2015. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.knbs.or.ke\/download\/kenya-facts-2015\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.knbs.or.ke\/download\/kenya-facts-2015\/<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Kenya National Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Lung health (2015\u20132018). Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.nltp.co.ke\/download\/national-strategic-plan-2015-2018\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.nltp.co.ke\/download\/national-strategic-plan-2015-2018\/<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.74.4.366","article-title":"WHO disability grading: operational definitions","volume":"74","author":"JW Brandsma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Rubio, V., &amp; L\u00f3pez-Qu\u0131lez, A. (2006). Empirical and Full Bayes estimators for disease mapping. In International workshop on spatio-temporal modelling (METMA3)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2015.05.019","article-title":"Myriam Charras-Garridoa, David Abriala, Anne-Fran\u00e7oise Yao-Lafourcadeb. Spatiotemporal disease mapping applied to infectious diseases","volume":"26","author":"B Sylvain Colya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Environmental Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","first-page":"71","article-title":"Reflections on the elimination of leprosy","volume":"60","author":"PEM Fine","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.80.4.353","article-title":"Enhanced global strategy for further reducing the disease burden due to leprosy: 2011-2015","volume":"80","author":"V Pannikar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.88.4.510","article-title":"Multibacillary leprosy and the elderly: a field for further research","volume":"88","author":"ML Nobre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.86.4.316","article-title":"The decline of leprosy in the Republic of Korea; patterns and trends 1977\u20132013","volume":"86","author":"J Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"6071","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214935","article-title":"Disease Tolerance as a Defense Strategy","volume":"335","author":"R Medzhitov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18394","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v5i0.18394","article-title":"Disability in people affected by leprosy: the role of impairment, activity, social participation, stigma and discrimination","volume":"5","author":"WHV Brakel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"49","article-title":"Perspectives on the impact of stigma in leprosy: strategies to improve access to health care","volume":"6","author":"PSS Rao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine"},{"issue":"sup2","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360550","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2017.1360550","article-title":"Factors preventing early case detection for women affected by leprosy: a review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"GP Victoria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Health Action"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-11-56","article-title":"Gender differential on characteristics and outcome of leprosy patients admitted to a long-term care rural hospital in South-Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"JM Ramos","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal for Equity in Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.73.3.262","article-title":"Male\u2010female (sex) differences in leprosy patients in south eastern Nigeria: females present late for diagnosis and treatment and have higher rates of deformity","volume":"73","author":"ES Peters","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl072","article-title":"Socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioural risk factors for leprosy in North-east Brazil: results of a case-control study","volume":"35","author":"LR Kerr-Pontes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007329","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556755200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007329","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T02:13:55Z","timestamp":1607307235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007329"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Avanzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007329","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007329","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,22]]}}}