{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:20:07Z","timestamp":1783398007383,"version":"3.54.6"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007638","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566777600000}}],"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["098481\/Z\/12\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["098481\/Z\/12\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["093368\/Z\/10\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["093368\/Z\/10\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["093368\/Z\/10\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["093368\/Z\/10\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]],"date-time":"2019-08-14T17:47:27Z","timestamp":1565804847000},"page":"e0007638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Progression of scarring trachoma in Tanzanian children: A four-year cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1707-8838","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Athumani M.","family":"Ramadhani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamsyn","family":"Derrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2371-5709","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Macleod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Massae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Mafuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiweda","family":"Malisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin","family":"Mbuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1064-5980","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chrissy h.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Makupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Mtuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin L.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C. W.","family":"Mabey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5828-6318","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin J.","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1872-9169","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0007638.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004859","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004859","article-title":"Blinding Trachoma: Systematic Review of Rates and Risk Factors for Progressive Disease","volume":"10","author":"A.M. Ramadhani","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0007638.ref002","article-title":"Global elimination of blinding trachoma. Resolution WHA 51.11","author":"WHO","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adopted by the World Health Assembly"},{"issue":"26","key":"pntd.0007638.ref003","first-page":"359","article-title":"WHO Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020: progress report on elimination of trachoma, 2014\u20132016","volume":"92","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec, WHO"},{"issue":"26","key":"pntd.0007638.ref004","first-page":"12","article-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record","volume":"93","author":"WHO","year":"2018","journal-title":"WHO"},{"key":"pntd.0007638.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00406","article-title":"Immunofibrogenic Gene Expression Patterns in Tanzanian Children with Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis Infection, Active Trachoma and Scarring: Baseline Results of a 4-Year Longitudinal Study","volume":"7","author":"A.M. Ramadhani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"key":"pntd.0007638.ref006","volume-title":"Guide to Trachoma Control","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1981"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0007638.ref007","first-page":"477","article-title":"A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications","volume":"65","author":"B. Thylefors","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull.World Health Organ."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0007638.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003763","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003763","article-title":"Pathogenesis of progressive scarring trachoma in Ethiopia and Tanzania and its implications for disease control: two cohort studies","volume":"9","author":"M.J. Burton","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0007638.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00622-13","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a next-generation digital PCR diagnostic assay for ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infections","volume":"51","author":"C.H. Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0007638.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2017.04.010","article-title":"Reduced-cost Chlamydia trachomatis-specific multiplex real-time PCR diagnostic assay evaluated for ocular swabs and use by trachoma research programmes","volume":"139","author":"R. Butcher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of microbiological methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0007638.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5829","article-title":"Bacterial infection in scarring trachoma","volume":"52","author":"V.H. Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0007638.ref012","first-page":"271","volume-title":"Chlamydial Infections","author":"C.R. Dawson","year":"1990"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pntd.0007638.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1076\/opep.8.2.137.4158","article-title":"Progression of active trachoma to scarring in a cohort of Tanzanian children","volume":"8","author":"S.K. West","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"key":"pntd.0007638.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.09.011","article-title":"Constant Ocular Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis Predicts Risk of Scarring in Children in Tanzania","volume":"116","author":"M.A. Wolle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0007638.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.2.389-392.1995","article-title":"Subjects recovering from human ocular chlamydial infection have enhanced lymphoproliferative responses to chlamydial antigens compared with those of persistently diseased controls","volume":"63","author":"R.L. Bailey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect.Immun."},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0007638.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e341","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000341","article-title":"The natural history of trachoma infection and disease in a gambian cohort with frequent follow-up","volume":"2","author":"N.C. Grassly","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS.Negl.Trop.Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0007638.ref017","first-page":"99","volume":"84","author":"M.J. Burton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trachoma: an overview. Br.Med.Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0007638.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.982-1011.2004","article-title":"Diagnosis and assessment of trachoma","volume":"17","author":"A.W. Solomon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin.Microbiol.Rev."},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0007638.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4440","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0315","article-title":"Bacterial infection and trachoma in the gambia: a case control study","volume":"48","author":"M.J. Burton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0007638.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-014-0099-x","article-title":"The conjunctival microbiome in health and trachomatous disease: a case control study","volume":"6","author":"Y. Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0007638.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.062489","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of azithromycin following surgery for trachomatous trichiasis in the Gambia","volume":"89","author":"M.J. Burton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br.J Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0007638.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.055996","article-title":"Long term outcome of trichiasis surgery in the Gambia","volume":"89","author":"M.J. Burton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br.J Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0007638.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5208","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9984","article-title":"Association of conjunctival bacterial infection and female sex in cicatricial trachoma","volume":"53","author":"V. Cevallos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci."},{"key":"pntd.0007638.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6012","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7326","article-title":"What is causing active trachoma? The role of non-chlamydial bacterial pathogens in a low prevalence setting","volume":"52","author":"M.J. Burton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0007638.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23381","article-title":"Non-Chlamydial Bacterial Infection and Progression of Conjunctival Scarring in Trachoma","volume":"59","author":"V.H. Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0007638.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00888-10","article-title":"Conjunctival transcriptome in scarring trachoma","volume":"79","author":"M.J. Burton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0007638.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003774","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003774","article-title":"Exposure to an Indoor Cooking Fire and Risk of Trachoma in Children of Kongwa, Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"A.I. Zambrano","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0007638.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311301","article-title":"Risk factors for incidence of trachomatous scarring in a cohort of women in low endemic district","volume":"102","author":"R. Karani","year":"2018","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pntd.0007638.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17447","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17447","article-title":"Conjunctival fibrosis and the innate barriers to Chlamydia trachomatis intracellular infection: a genome wide association study","volume":"5","author":"C.H. Roberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0007638.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.3.643","article-title":"HLA class I and II polymorphisms and trachomatous scarring in a Chlamydia trachomatis-endemic population","volume":"174","author":"D.J. Conway","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect.Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0007638.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.3.1003-1006.1997","article-title":"Scarring trachoma is associated with polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene promoter and with elevated TNF-alpha levels in tear fluid","volume":"65","author":"D.J. Conway","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect.Immun."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0007638.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1086\/315891","article-title":"Polymorphisms in candidate genes and risk of scarring trachoma in a Chlamydia trachomatis\u2014endemic population","volume":"182","author":"N. Mozzato-Chamay","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect.Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0007638.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364182","article-title":"Risk of trachomatous scarring and trichiasis in Gambians varies with SNP haplotypes at the interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 loci","volume":"6","author":"A. Natividad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0007638.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002744","article-title":"Conjunctival scarring in trachoma is associated with the HLA-C ligand of KIR and is exacerbated by heterozygosity at KIR2DL2\/KIR2DL3","volume":"8","author":"C.H. Roberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0007638.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791847","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/791847","article-title":"Trachoma and Ocular Chlamydial Infection in the Era of Genomics","volume":"2015","author":"T. Derrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0007638.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005080","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005080","article-title":"The Relationship between Active Trachoma and Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis Infection before and after Mass Antibiotic Treatment","volume":"10","author":"A.M. Ramadhani","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0007638.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12701","article-title":"Cohort and age effects of mass drug administration on prevalence of trachoma: a longitudinal study in rural Tanzania","volume":"55","author":"N. Shekhawat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007638","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566777600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007638","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,16]],"date-time":"2021-01-16T19:09:28Z","timestamp":1610824168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007638"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jeremiah M.","family":"Ngondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007638","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007638","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,14]]}}}