{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:51:07Z","timestamp":1792788667803,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Norwegian Programme for Capacity Development in Higher Education and Research for Development (NORHED); South Ethiopia Network Universities in Public Health (SENUPH).","award":["ETH-13\/0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ETH-13\/0025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Although the prevalence of helminths infection among schoolchildren is known, there has been little progress in the application of count model for modelling the risk factors of helminths egg. Only a few studies applied multilevel analysis to explore the variation in helminths prevalence across schools and classes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, intensity of helminths infection, and identify risk factors at the individual-, household-, and school-level among schoolchildren in Southern Ethiopia. Using multistage random sampling, we recruited 864 students in the Wonago District. We applied multilevel-logistic and zero-inflated negative binomial regression models (ZINB). Risk factors were concentrated at the individual level; school-level and class-level variables explained less than 5% of the variance. The overall helminths prevalence was 56% (479\/850);\n                    <jats:italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                    prevalence was 42.4% (360\/850); and\n                    <jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    prevalence was 18.7% (159\/850). The rate of any helminths increased among thin children (AOR: 1.73 [95% CI: (1.04, 2.90]), anemic (AOR: 1.45 [95% CI: 1.04, 2.03]), mothers who had no formal education (AOR: 2.08 [95% CI: 1.25, 3.47]), and those in households using open containers for water storage (AOR: 2.06 [95% CI: 1.07, 3.99]). In the ZINB model,\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection intensity increased with increasing age (AOR: 1.08 [95% CI: 1.01, 1.16]) and unclean fingernails (AOR: 1.47 [95% CI: 1.07, 2.03]). Handwashing with soap (AOR: 0.68 [95% CI: 0.48, 0.95]), de-worming treatment [AOR: 0.57 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.98)], and using water from protected sources [AOR: 0.46 (95% CI: 0.28, 0.77)] were found to be protective against helminths infection. After controlling for clustering effects at the school and class levels and accounting for excess zeros in fecal egg counts, we found an association between helminths infection and the following variables: age, thinness, anemia, unclean fingernails, handwashing, de-worming treatment, mother\u2019s education, household water source, and water storage protection. Improving hygiene behavior, providing safe water at school and home, and strengthening de-worming programs is required to improve the health of schoolchildren in rural Gedeo.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T13:30:32Z","timestamp":1608643832000},"page":"e0008002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Helminth infections among rural schoolchildren in Southern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional multilevel and zero-inflated regression model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9116-274X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hiwot","family":"Hailu Amare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernt","family":"Lindtj\u00f8rn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref001","unstructured":"WHO. Soil-transmitted helminth infections [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections."},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref002","unstructured":"WHO Ethiopia. Ethiopian school-based deworming campaign targets 17 million children [Internet]. 2015. Available from: https:\/\/who.insomnation.com\/news\/ethiopian-school-based-deworming-campaign-targets-17-million-children."},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1838-7","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease and water, sanitation and hygiene intersectoral integration programs","volume":"15","author":"EA Johnston","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-37","article-title":"Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010","volume":"7","author":"R Pullan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref005","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Soil-transmitted helminthiases: eliminating as public health problem soil-transmitted helminthiases in children: progress report 2001\u20132010 and strategic plan 2011\u20132020 [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2012. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/44804."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pntd.0008002.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.07.001","article-title":"Control of soil-transmitted helminths in sub-Saharan Africa: Diagnosis, drug efficacy concerns and challenges","volume":"120","author":"L-A Tchuem Tchuent\u00e9","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008002.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.002","article-title":"The Global burden of anemia","volume":"30","author":"NJ Kassebaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008002.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.12691\/ajphr-2-6-6","article-title":"Parasitic infection and associated factors among the primary schoolchildren in Motta Town, Western Amhara, Ethiopia","volume":"2","author":"MA Asemahagn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008002.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001620","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001620","article-title":"Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"EC Strunz","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0008002.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109793","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109793","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among children under five years of age with emphasis on Schistosoma mansoni in Wonji Shoa Sugar Estate, Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"G. hiwot Y","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-7","article-title":"Nutritional status, intestinal parasite infection and allergy among schoolchildren in northwest Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"B Amare","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0008002.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajhr.20140205.15","article-title":"Prevalence and determinant factors of intestinal parasites among schoolchildren in Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"2","author":"D Haftu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Health Research"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-848","article-title":"Prevalence and its associated risk factors of intestinal parasitic infections among Yadot primary schoolchildren of South Eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"B Tulu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-304","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and risk factors among schoolchildren at the University of Gondar Community School, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"A Gelaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008002.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773213Y.0000000074","article-title":"Risk factors for intestinal parasitosis, anaemia, and malnutrition among schoolchildren in Ethiopia","volume":"107","author":"MA Mahmud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathogens and global health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0008002.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0202380","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202380","article-title":"Nutritional iron deficiency anemia: magnitude and its predictors among school age children, southwest Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"A Desalegn Wolide","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-166","article-title":"Assessment of the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis and associated risk factors among primary schoolchildren in Chencha town, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"A Abossie","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref018","unstructured":"Ministry of Finance and Economic Development Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Assessing progress towards the Millenium Development Goals: Ethiopia MDGs Report Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2012."},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref019","unstructured":"Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. National Nutrition Programme. June 2013 \u2013June 2015."},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref020","first-page":"31","author":"Ethiopia Ministry of Health","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Sector Transformation Plan 2015\/16\u20132019\/20"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref021","unstructured":"Ethiopia Ministry Of Health. National Hygiene and Sanitation Strategic Action Plan for Rural, Per-Urban and Informal Settlements in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2011\u20132015."},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref022","unstructured":"Ministry of Education and UNICEF Ethiopia. Global Out of School Children Initiative. Study on Situation of Out of School Children (OOSC) in Ethiopia. 2012."},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref023","unstructured":"UNICEF\u2019S Child-Friendly Schools: Ethiopia case study. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2010."},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0008002.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005948","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005948","article-title":"Sanitation, hookworm, anemia, stunting, and wasting in primary schoolchildren in southern Ethiopia: Baseline results from a study in 30 schools","volume":"11","author":"JET Grimes","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008002.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2012.02987.x","article-title":"Review: analysis of parasite and other skewed counts","volume":"17","author":"N Alexander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref026","unstructured":"Standard Treatment Guideline for Health Centers. Drug administration and control authority of Ethiopia contents. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: The Drug Administration and Control Authority (DACA) of Ethiopia; January 2010; 349."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008002.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490912400320","article-title":"OpenEpi: a web-based epidemiologic and statistical calculator for public health","volume":"124","author":"KM Sullivan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref028","volume-title":"Biostatistics: a foundation for analysis in the health sciences","author":"WW Daniel","year":"1999"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008002.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0123615","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123615","article-title":"Anemia among primary schoolchildren in Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"F Mesfin","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref030","first-page":"2","article-title":"Malnutrition and its correlates among rural primary schoolchildren of Fogera District, Northwest Ethiopia","author":"H Mekonnen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nutr Disord Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008002.ref031","first-page":"261","article-title":"Prevalence of tinea capitis and the causative agent among schoolchildren in Gondar, North West Ethiopia","volume":"47","author":"J Ali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ethiop Med J"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-765","article-title":"The spectrum of dermatological disorders among primary schoolchildren in Dares Salaam","volume":"10","author":"EV Komba","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref033","volume-title":"Guidelines for the evaluation of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis at community level: A guide for managers of control programmes","author":"A Montresor","year":"1998"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref034","volume-title":"Basic laboratory methods in medical parasitology","author":"WHO","year":"1991"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008002.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004579","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004579","article-title":"Faecal parasitology: Concentration methodology needs to be better standardised","volume":"10","author":"MM Manser","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref036","volume-title":"Assessing the efficacy of anthelminthic drugs against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases","author":"WHO","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008002.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0702-z","article-title":"Quality control in the diagnosis of Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides using the Kato-Katz technique: experience from three randomised controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"B Speich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008002.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czl029","article-title":"Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis.","volume":"21","author":"S Vyas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref039","volume-title":"AnthroPlus for personal computers manual. Software for assessing growth of the world's children and adolescents","author":"WHO","year":"2009"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0008002.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.043497","article-title":"Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents","volume":"85","author":"M de Onis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref041","volume-title":"Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System","author":"WHO","year":"2011"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref042","volume-title":"Essential Medical Statistics","author":"BR Kirkwood","year":"2003","edition":"2"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0150-9","article-title":"Assessing stool quantities generated by three specific Kato-Katz thick smear templates employed in different settings","volume":"5","author":"A Leuenberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases of Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref044","unstructured":"WHO. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: Report of a WHO expert committee. Geneva; 2002. WHO Technical Report Series, 912."},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00826.x","article-title":"Zero tolerance ecology: Improving ecological inference by modelling the source of zero observations","volume":"8","author":"T Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0008002.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0129606","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129606","article-title":"Assessment and selection of competing models for zero-inflated microbiome data","volume":"10","author":"L Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008002.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003486","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003486","article-title":"Risk profiling of hookworm infection and intensity in Southern Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic using bayesian models","volume":"9","author":"A Forrer","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008002.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-856","article-title":"Zero adjusted models with applications to analysing helminths count data","volume":"7","author":"MG Chipeta","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.12.007","article-title":"Zero-inflated hierarchical models for faecal egg counts to assess anthelmintic efficacy","volume":"235","author":"C Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511610806","volume-title":"Applied multilevel analysis. A practical guides to biostatistics and epidemiology","author":"JWR Twisk","year":"2006"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000331","article-title":"Diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths in the era of preventive chemotherapy: effect of multiple stool sampling and use of different diagnostic techniques","volume":"2","author":"S Knopp","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008002.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.09.003","article-title":"Estimating the sensitivity and specificity of Kato-Katz stool examination technique for detection of hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections in humans in the absence of a 'gold standard'","volume":"40","author":"MR Tarafder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008002.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0268","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of Kato-Katz, FLOTAC, Baermann, and PCR methods for the detection of light-intensity hookworm and Strongyloides stercoralis infections in Tanzania","volume":"90","author":"S Knopp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008002.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005310","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005310","article-title":"Diagnosing polyparasitism in a high-prevalence setting in Beira, Mozambique: Detection of intestinal parasites in fecal samples by microscopy and Real-Time PCR","volume":"11","author":"L Meurs","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180439","DOI":"10.5402\/2013\/180439","article-title":"Comparison of the Kato-Katz, Wet Mount, and Formol-Ether Concentration Diagnostic Techniques for Intestinal Helminth Infections in Ethiopia","volume":"2013","author":"M Endris","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008002.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1822-4","article-title":"Evaluation performance of diagnostic methods of intestinal parasitosis in school age children in Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"M Yimer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0008002.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.05.009","article-title":"Sensitivity of diagnostic tests for human soil-transmitted helminth infections: a meta-analysis in the absence of a true gold standard","volume":"44","author":"B Nikolay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0008002.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-2019-1","article-title":"Comparison of the Kato-Katz method and ether-concentration technique for the diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth infections in the framework of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"B Speich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0008002.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e754","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000754","article-title":"Comparing Diagnostic Accuracy of Kato-Katz, Koga Agar Plate, Ether-Concentration, and FLOTAC for Schistosoma mansoni and Soil-Transmitted Helminths","volume":"4","author":"D Glinz","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0008002.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0191467","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191467","article-title":"Anemia, a moderate public health concern among adolescents in South Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"MF Shaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008002.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0150744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150744","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of water, sanitation, and hygiene-related risk factors for soil-transmitted helminth infection in urban school, and preschool-aged children in Kibera, Nairobi","volume":"11","author":"CM Worrell","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0008002.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110789","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110789","article-title":"Malaria, schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminth burden and their correlation with anemia in children attending primary schools in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.","volume":"9","author":"JR Matangila","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008002.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1835-4","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among schoolchildren in the Plateau Central and Centre-Ouest regions of Burkina Faso","volume":"9","author":"S Erismann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0008002.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.036","article-title":"The global war against intestinal parasites: should we use a holistic approach?","volume":"14","author":"A Alum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008002.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004515","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004515","article-title":"School water, sanitation, and hygiene, soil-transmitted helminths, and schistosomes: National mapping in Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"JET Grimes","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008002.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1956-6","article-title":"Effect of anthelminthic treatment on helminth infection and related anaemia among school-age children in northwestern Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"Y Yimam","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008002.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1178-6","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal helminth infection among schoolchildren in Maksegnit and Enfranz Towns, northwestern Ethiopia, with emphasis on Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"8","author":"F Gashaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008002.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2011.06.020","article-title":"Comparison of the Kato-Katz and FLOTAC techniques for the diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminth infections","volume":"60","author":"K Habtamu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"pntd.0008002.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000006867","article-title":"The public health significance of Trichuris trichiura","volume":"121","author":"LS Stephenson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008002.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3306-3","article-title":"Undernutrition, intestinal parasitic infection and associated risk factors among selected primary schoolchildren in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","volume":"18","author":"T Hailegebriel","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1822-4","article-title":"Evaluation performance of diagnostic methods of intestinal parasitosis in school age children in Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"M Yimer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008002.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92032","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092032","article-title":"Ascaris lumbricoides infection and its relation to environmental factors in the Mbeya region of Tanzania, a cross-sectional, population-based study","volume":"9","author":"SA Sch\u00fcle","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008002.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-1839-14-13","article-title":"Anemia and associated factors among school-age children in Filtu Town, Somali region, Southeast Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"B Gutema","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC hematology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008002.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-017-0128-4","article-title":"Intestinal helminth infections and dietary diversity score predict nutritional status of urban schoolchildren from southern Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"T Getachew","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Nutrition"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008002.ref075","first-page":"157","article-title":"Intestinal parasitic infection and nutritional status among schoolchildren in Angolela, Ethiopia","volume":"53","author":"NL Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008002.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2016.02.009","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal helminthic infections and malnutrition among schoolchildren of the Zegie Peninsula, northwestern Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"M Abdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0008002.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1086\/587658","article-title":"The interaction between nutrition and infection","volume":"46","author":"P Katona","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1490-2","article-title":"Age-related factors influencing the occurrence of undernutrition in northeastern Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"A Degarege","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008002.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X12000855","article-title":"The association between multiple intestinal helminth infections and blood group, anaemia and nutritional status in human populations from Dore Bafeno, southern Ethiopia","volume":"88","author":"A Degarege","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008002.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0533","article-title":"Species-specific associations between soil-transmitted helminths and micronutrients in Vietnamese schoolchildren","volume":"95","author":"B de Gier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008002.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0560","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infection and nutritional status among urban slum children in Kenya","volume":"90","author":"PS Suchdev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-225","article-title":"Role of the employment status and education of mothers in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Mexican rural schoolchildren","volume":"6","author":"L Quihui","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008002.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400069898","article-title":"The sanitary condition of rural drinking water in a Nile Delta village. I. Parasitological assessment of 'zir' stored and direct tap water","volume":"88","author":"AE Khairy","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008002.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-0388.185439","article-title":"Prevalence and infection intensity of geohelminthiases among schoolchildren as an environmental health indicator to guide preventive activities in Nandi County, Kenya","volume":"19","author":"C Mulambalah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop J Med Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008002.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1400.1","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminths in relation to hemoglobin status among schoolchildren of the Kashmir Valley","volume":"94","author":"SA Wani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref086","volume-title":"Progress on sanitation and drinking water","author":"WHO, UNICEF","year":"2015"},{"key":"pntd.0008002.ref087","first-page":"1962128","article-title":"Nutritional status and intestinal parasite in school age children: A comparative cross-sectional study","author":"BE Feleke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"pntd.0008002.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000006442","article-title":"The public health importance of Ascaris lumbricoides","volume":"121","author":"P O'Lorcain","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008002.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001837","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001837","article-title":"Efficacy of handwashing with soap and nail clipping on intestinal parasitic infections in school-aged children: A factorial cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"MA Mahmud","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0008002.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0136342","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136342","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminths and associated factors among pre-schoolchildren in Butajira Town, South-central Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"T Shumbej","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0008002.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004256","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004256","article-title":"The interaction of deworming, improved sanitation, and household flooring with soil-transmitted helminth infection in rural Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"J Benjamin-Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T13:31:28Z","timestamp":1608643888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008002"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"De'Broski R.","family":"Herbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008002","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2019.12.19.882217","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]}}}