{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:48:12Z","timestamp":1790858892032,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T17:27:26Z","timestamp":1598549246000},"page":"e0008251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Human plague: An old scourge that needs new answers"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4445-1490","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xavier","family":"Vall\u00e8s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils Chr.","family":"Stenseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Demeure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Horby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul S.","family":"Mead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oswaldo","family":"Cabanillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahery","family":"Ratsitorahina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minoarisoa","family":"Rajerison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Voahangy","family":"Andrianaivoarimanana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beza","family":"Ramasindrazana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4343-0508","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Javier","family":"Pizarro-Cerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger C.","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Girod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. Joseph","family":"Hinnebusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Vigan-Womas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Fontanet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Telfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazdan","family":"Yazdanpanah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Tortosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guia","family":"Carrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9534-7522","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jane","family":"Deuve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5590-7545","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steven R.","family":"Belmain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"D\u2019Ortenzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Baril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008251.ref001","first-page":"59","article-title":"Plague studies. VIII. Clinical aspects","volume":"9","author":"R Pollitzer","year":"1953","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mead PS. Yersinia Species (Including Plague). In: Mandell, Douglas, And Bennett's. Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 8th Edition; 2015. pp. 2607\u20132618","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00231-9"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref003","volume-title":"League of Nations. A treatise on pneumonic plague","author":"L. Wu","year":"1925"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008251.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050003","article-title":"Plague: past, present, and future.","volume":"5","author":"NC Stenseth","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-0890-4_1","article-title":"Plague: A Disease Which Changed the Path of Human Civilization","volume":"918","author":"B Bramanti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5138","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.15.5138-5146.2004","article-title":"DNA microarray analysis of genome dynamics in Yersinia pestis: insights into bacterial genome microevolution and niche adaptation","volume":"186","author":"D Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref007","unstructured":"Denis DT, Gage KL, Gratz N, Poland JD, Tikhomirov E. Plague manual, Epidemiology, Distribution, Surveillance and Control, WHO 1999. [cited 2020 June 22]. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/resources\/publications\/plague\/whocdscsredc992a.pdf?ua=1"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref008","first-page":"289","article-title":"Plague around the world in 2019.","volume":"25","author":"E Bertherat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Report"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.21055\/0370-1069-2016-1-55-60","article-title":"A Case of Human Infection with Plague in the Kosh-Agach Region of the Republic of Altai in 2015. Communication 1. Clinical-Epidemiological and Epizootiological Aspects.","volume":"1","author":"SV Balakhonov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Problemy Osobo Opasnykh Infektsii."},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref010","first-page":"S1473","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of an urban plague epidemic in Madagascar, August-November, 2017: an outbreak report.","author":"R Randremanana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.705","article-title":"Yersinia pestis genome sequencing identifies patterns of global phylogenetic diversity","volume":"42","author":"G Morelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1004.030509","article-title":"Epidemiologic determinants for modeling pneumonic plague outbreaks","volume":"10","author":"R Gani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811001245","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of primary pneumonic plague in the USA","volume":"140","author":"AF Hinckley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2303.161406","article-title":"Pneumonic Plague Transmission, Moramanga, Madagascar, 2015","volume":"23","author":"B Ramasindrazana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008251.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2101.131828","article-title":"Pneumonic Plague Outbreak, Northern Madagascar, 2011","volume":"21","author":"V Richard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1304.051105","article-title":"Pneumonic plague, northern India, 2002","volume":"13","author":"ML Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref017","first-page":"511","article-title":"Major pulmonary plague outbreak in a mining camp in the Democratic Republic of Congo: brutal awakening of an old scourge.","volume":"65","author":"E Bertherat","year":"2005","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine Trop Rev Corps Sant\u00e9 Colon"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref018","article-title":"Investigation report and support for epidemic of pneumonic plague in HZs of Linga and Rethy. Administrative district of Ituri, Orientale Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.","author":"V Mondonge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1203.051051","article-title":"Pneumonic plague cluster, Uganda, 2004","volume":"12","author":"EM Begier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref020","first-page":"326","article-title":"Primary pneumonic plague with nosocomial transmission in La Libertad, Peru 2010.","volume":"27","author":"LF Donaires","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0163","article-title":"Cluster of primary pneumonic plague transmitted in a truck cab in a new enzootic focus in China","volume":"88","author":"H Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/pastj\/gtj001","article-title":"The epidemic of pneumonic plague in Manchuria 1910\u20131911.","volume":"190","author":"M Gamsa","journal-title":"Past and Present. 2006"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001984","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001984","article-title":"Can we make human plague history? A call to action","volume":"4","author":"L Baril","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.50.071803.130337","article-title":"Natural history of plague: perspectives from more than a century of research","volume":"50","author":"Gage Kl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14247","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002826107","article-title":"Plague outbreaks in prairie dog populations explained by percolation thresholds of alternate host abundance","volume":"107","author":"DJ Salkeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2382","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002382","article-title":"Understanding the persistence of plague foci in Madagascar.","volume":"7","author":"V Andrianaivoarimanana","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1366-z","article-title":"Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the development times and survival of Synopsyllus fonquerniei and Xenopsylla cheopis, the flea vectors of plague in Madagascar.","volume":"9","author":"KS Kreppel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1715640115","article-title":"Human ectoparasites and the spread of plague in Europe during the Second Pandemic","volume":"115","author":"KR Dean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1903.121542","article-title":"Plague epidemics and lice, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"19","author":"R Piarroux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2008.130629","article-title":"Yersinia pestis in Pulex irritans fleas during plague outbreak, Madagascar.","volume":"20","author":"J Ratovonjato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-48416-1_87","article-title":"Susceptibility to plague of the rodents in Antananarivo, Madagascar","volume":"529","author":"L Rahalison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-010-0312-3","article-title":"Susceptibility to Yersinia pestis experimental infection in wild Rattus rattus, reservoir of plague in Madagascar.","volume":"7","author":"C Tollenaere","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1139\/Z07-083","article-title":"Genetic structure of black rat populations in a rural plague focus in Madagascar","volume":"85","author":"A Gilabert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003039","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003039","article-title":"Host resistance, population structure and the long-term persistence of bubonic plague: contributions of a modelling approach in the Malagasy focus","volume":"9","author":"F Gascuel","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38630","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038630","article-title":"Immune responses to plague infection in wild Rattus rattus, in Madagascar: a role in foci persistence?","volume":"7","author":"V Andrianaivoarimanana","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2402.171065","article-title":"Yersinia pestis Survival and Replication in Potential Ameba Reservoir","volume":"24","author":"DW Markman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2012.12.003","article-title":"Local persistence and extinction of plague in a metapopulation of great gerbil burrows, Kazakhstan.","volume":"4","author":"BV Schmid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14527","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015946108","article-title":"Dynamics of the plague-wildlife-human system in Central Asia are controlled by two epidemiological thresholds","volume":"108","author":"NI Samia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/016154-0","article-title":"Long-term persistence of virulent Yersinia pestis in soil","volume":"9","author":"S Ayyadurai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1406.080029","article-title":"Persistence of Yersinia pestis in soil under natural conditions","volume":"14","author":"RJ Eisen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004414","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004414","article-title":"Current Perspectives on Plague Vector Control in Madagascar: Susceptibility Status of Xenopsylla cheopis to 12 Insecticides.","volume":"10","author":"A Miarinjara","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0356-5","article-title":"Plague risk in vulnerable community: assessment of Xenopsylla cheopis susceptibility to insecticides in Malagasy prisons.","volume":"6","author":"A Miarinjara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2402.171371","article-title":"Effects of Culling on Leptospira interrogans Carriage by Rats.","volume":"24","author":"MJ Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerging Infect Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0164618","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164618","article-title":"Localised Badger Culling Increases Risk of Herd Breakdown on Nearby, Not Focal, Land.","volume":"11","author":"J Bielby","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5062-0","article-title":"Identifying the social and environmental determinants of plague endemicity in Peru: insights from a case study in Ascope, La Libertad.","volume":"18","author":"A Rivi\u00e8re-Cinnamond","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0019","article-title":"Study on the movement of Rattus rattus and evaluation of the plague dispersion in Madagascar.","volume":"10","author":"S Rahelinirina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2402.160122","article-title":"Ecologic Features of Plague Outbreak Areas, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"24","author":"AA Abedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4153","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12848","article-title":"Invasion genetics of a human commensal rodent: the black rat Rattus rattus in Madagascar","volume":"23","author":"C Brouat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002160","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002160","article-title":"Plague and Climate: Scales Matter.","volume":"7","author":"MT Ben Ari","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0569","article-title":"Climate predictors of the spatial distribution of human plague cases in the West Nile region of Uganda","volume":"86","author":"K MacMillan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0616-1","article-title":"Seasonal fluctuations of small mammal and flea communities in a Ugandan plague focus: evidence to implicate Arvicanthis niloticus and Crocidura spp. as key hosts in Yersinia pestis transmission.","volume":"8","author":"SM Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0775","article-title":"Interannual Variability of Human Plague Occurrence in the Western United States Explained by Tropical and North Pacific Ocean Climate Variability","volume":"83","author":"TB Ari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.186","article-title":"Modelling relationships between climate and the frequency of human plague cases in the south-western United States, 1960\u20131997.","volume":"66","author":"RE Enscore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3155","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003155","article-title":"A non-stationary relationship between global climate phenomena and human plague incidence in Madagascar.","volume":"8","author":"KS Kreppel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sste.2016.10.001","article-title":"Modelling of spatio-temporal variation in plague incidence in Madagascar from 1980 to 2007.","volume":"19","author":"E Giorgi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol."},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0571","article-title":"Landscape and residential variables associated with plague-endemic villages in the West Nile region of Uganda","volume":"84","author":"K MacMillan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0737","article-title":"Assessing human risk of exposure to plague bacteria in north-western Uganda based on remotely sensed predictors","volume":"82","author":"RJ Eisen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-325","article-title":"Socio-epidemiological determinants of 2002 plague outbreak in Himachal Pradesh, India: a qualitative study.","volume":"14","author":"S Goel","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref059","first-page":"219","article-title":"Land use determinants of small mammal abundance and distribution in a plague endemic area of Lushoto District, Tanzania.","volume":"16","author":"P Hieronimo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tanzan J Health Res"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005887","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005887","article-title":"Temporal phylogeography of Yersinia pestis in Madagascar: Insights into the long-term maintenance of plague.","volume":"11","author":"AJ Vogler","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2266","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002266","article-title":"Plague circulation and population genetics of the reservoir Rattus rattus: the influence of topographic relief on the distribution of the disease within the Madagascar focus","volume":"7","author":"C Brouat","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1319","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001319","article-title":"Phylogeography and molecular epidemiology of Yersinia pestis in Madagascar.","volume":"5","author":"AJ Vogler","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-12-49","article-title":"Potential corridors and barriers for plague spread in Central Asia.","volume":"12","author":"LI Wilschut","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.171974","article-title":"Trends of Human Plague, Madagascar, 1998\u20132016.","volume":"25","author":"V Andrianaivoarimanana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12270-2","article-title":"Development and testing of a rapid diagnostic test for bubonic and pneumonic plague","volume":"361","author":"S Chanteau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.6.1511-1514.1993","article-title":"New method for plague surveillance using polymerase chain reaction to detect Yersinia pestis in fleas","volume":"31","author":"J Hinnebusch","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.8.2284-2288.1998","article-title":"5\u2019 nuclease PCR assay to detect Yersinia pestis","volume":"36","author":"JA Higgins","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4873","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.10.4873-4875.2003","article-title":"Detection of Yersinia pestis in sputum by real-time PCR","volume":"41","author":"C Loiez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.260-263.2000","article-title":"Diagnosis of bubonic plague by PCR in Madagascar under field conditions","volume":"38","author":"L Rahalison","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800004647","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of human plague by an anti-F1 capsular antigen specific IgG\/IgM ELISA and immunoblot","volume":"125","author":"H Neubauer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00521.x","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of human plague in the Madagascar highlands","volume":"5","author":"M Ratsitorahina","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/maq.12487","article-title":"Zoonotic Semiotics: Plague Narratives and Vanishin Signs in Madagascar.","volume":"33","author":"GM Sodikoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Anthropol Q."},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.799","article-title":"Serologic survey of the sentinel animals for plague surveillance and screening for complementary diagnostic markers to F1 antigen by protein microarray","volume":"79","author":"B Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0196","article-title":"Annual seroprevalence of Yersinia pestis in coyotes as predictors of interannual variation in reports of human plague cases in Arizona, United States","volume":"11","author":"HE Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1086\/500137","article-title":"Treatment of plague with gentamicin or doxycycline in a randomized clinical trial in Tanzania","volume":"42","author":"W Mwengee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110201824","article-title":"Discovery of a leptospirosis cluster amidst a pneumonic plague outbreak in a miners' camp in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"11","author":"E Bertherat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2303.161212","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Human Plague with Oral Ciprofloxacin","volume":"23","author":"T Apangu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e309","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000309","article-title":"Multiple antimicrobial resistance in plague: an emerging public health risk.","volume":"21","author":"TJ Welch","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00306-06","article-title":"Resistance of Yersinia pestis to antimicrobial agents","volume":"50","author":"M Galimand","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.09.015","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated doxycycline resistance in a Yersinia pestis strain isolated from rat.","volume":"51","author":"N Cabanel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref081","first-page":"5","article-title":"Yersinia virulence factors\u2014a sophisticated arsenal for combating host defences.","volume":"14","author":"S Atkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01477-08","article-title":"Molecular Darwinian evolution of virulence in Yersinia pestis","volume":"77","author":"D Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"I nfect Immun"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref083","first-page":"229","article-title":"Yersinia pestis biofilm in the flea vector and its role in the transmission of plague","volume":"322","author":"BJ Hinnebusch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2012.02.003","article-title":"Yersinia\u2014flea interactions and the evolution of the arthropod-borne transmission route of plague","volume":"15","author":"I Chouikha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-0890-4_8","article-title":"Genetic Regulation of Yersinia pestis","volume":"918","author":"Y Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2011.105","article-title":"An additional step in the transmission of Yersinia pestis?","volume":"6","author":"WR Easterday","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.04.003","article-title":"Retracing the evolutionary path that led to flea-borne transmission of Yersinia pestis","volume":"15","author":"YC Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref088","first-page":"197","article-title":"The Evolution of Flea-borne transmission in Yersinia pestis","volume":"7","author":"BJ Hinnebusch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14601","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1604985113","article-title":"Climatic and evolutionary drivers of phase shifts in the plague epidemics of colonial India","volume":"113","author":"JA Lewnard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1317723111","article-title":"Convergent evolution in European and Roma populations reveals pressure exerted by plague on Toll-like receptors","volume":"111","author":"H Laayouni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112729109","article-title":"Pulmonary infection by Yersinia pestis rapidly establishes a permissive environment for microbial proliferation","volume":"109","author":"PA Price","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12540","article-title":"Plague history: Yersin's discovery of the causative bacterium in 1894 enabled, in the subsequent century, scientific progress in understanding the disease and the development of treatments and vaccines","volume":"20","author":"T Butler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2014.82","article-title":"Russian vaccines against especially dangerous bacterial pathogens","volume":"3","author":"VA Feodorova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref094","first-page":"602","volume":"7","author":"SK Verma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plague Vaccine Development: Current Research and Future Trends.Front Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref095","unstructured":"WHO (2018) Plague vaccines workshop, April 23, 2018. [cited 2020 Jan 1]. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/blueprint\/what\/norms-standards\/Plague_vaccines_workshop-23-april-2018."},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800052535","article-title":"The development and use of a vaccinia-rabies recombinant oral vaccine for the control of wildlife rabies: a link between Jenner and Pasteur","volume":"116","author":"PP Pastoret","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.04.037","article-title":"Effectiveness of a commercial leptospiral vaccine on urinary shedding in naturally exposed sheep in New Zealand","volume":"35","author":"E Vall\u00e9e","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1788","article-title":"A Taxonomic Update of Small Mammal Plague Reservoirs in South America.","volume":"15","author":"CR Bonvicino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00623","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00623-12","article-title":"A decade of plague in Mahajanga, Madagascar: insights into the global maritime spread of pandemic plague.","volume":"4","author":"AJ Vogler","year":"2013","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006072","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006072","article-title":"The Asian house shrew Suncus murinus as a reservoir and source of human outbreaks of plague in Madagascar.","volume":"11","author":"S Rahelinirina","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1310.070284","article-title":"Plague reappearance in Algeria after 50 years","volume":"13","author":"E Bertherat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1902.121031","article-title":"Plague outbreak in Libya, 2009, unrelated to plague in Algeria","volume":"19","author":"N Cabanel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.07.028","article-title":"Human plague occurrences in Africa: an overview from 1877 to 2008","volume":"104","author":"S Neerinckx","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000410","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000410","article-title":"Trust, fear, stigma and disruptions: community perceptions and experiences during periods of low but ongoing transmission of Ebola virus disease in Sierra Leone, 2015","volume":"3","author":"A Nuriddin","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002508","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002508","article-title":"The 2014\u20132015 Ebola virus disease outbreak and primary healthcare delivery in Liberia: Time-series analyses for 2010\u20132016.","volume":"15","author":"BH Wagenaar","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33088-X","article-title":"Mobilising experience from Ebola to address plague in Madagascar and future epidemics","volume":"390","author":"K Sams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000534","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000534","article-title":"Anthropology in public health emergencies: what is anthropology good for?","volume":"3","author":"D Stellmach","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.160318","article-title":"Xenopsylla brasiliensis Fleas in Plague Focus Areas. Madagascar","volume":"22","author":"A Mirarinjara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0707.017718","article-title":"Plague in the Americas","volume":"7","author":"A Ruiz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.2.434-464.2004","article-title":"Intraspecific diversity of Yersinia pestis","volume":"17","author":"AP Anisimov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1707.100740","article-title":"Yersinia pestis in small rodents, Mongolia","volume":"17","author":"JM Riehm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0912.020520","article-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases in Mongolia","volume":"9","author":"JR Ebright","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008251.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0047","article-title":"Plague in Mongolia.","volume":"10","author":"B Galdan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008251","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T13:06:14Z","timestamp":1668085574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008251"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ruifu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008251","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]}}}