{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:47:38Z","timestamp":1790380058369,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008575","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,15]],"date-time":"2020-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600128000000}}],"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001502","name":"Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SINP:-MSACR [XII-R&D-SIN-5.04-0102]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SINP:-MSACR [XII-R&D-SIN-5.04-0102]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001502","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Treatment failure and resistance to the commonly used drugs remains a major obstacle for successful chemotherapy against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Since the development of novel therapeutics involves exorbitant costs, the effectiveness of the currently available antitrypanosomatid drug suramin has been investigated as an antileishmanial, specifically for VL,\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and in animal model experiments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                      promastigotes were treated with suramin and studies were performed to determine the extent and mode of cell mortality, cell cycle arrest and other\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      parameters. In addition,\n                      <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                      infected BALB\/c mice were administered suramin and a host of immunological parameters determined to estimate the antileishmanial potency of the drug. Finally, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and enzymatic assays were used to probe the interaction of the drug with one of its putative targets namely parasitic phosphoglycerate kinase (LmPGK).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies revealed the potential efficacy of suramin against the\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasite. This observation was further substantiated in the\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      murine model, which demonstrated that upon suramin administration, the\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      infected BALB\/c mice were able to reduce the parasitic burden and also generate the host protective immunological responses. ITC and enzyme assays confirmed the binding and consequent inhibition of LmPGK due to the drug.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All experiments affirmed the efficacy of suramin against\n                      <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, which could possibly lead to its inclusion in the repertoire of drugs against VL.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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