{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:11:44Z","timestamp":1790745104112,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008800","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603929600000}}],"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003388","name":"Minist\u00e8re des Affaires \u00c9trang\u00e8res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FSP n\u00b02011\/36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FSP n\u00b02011\/36"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003388","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Board, University of Zimbabwey Development, Savitribai Phule Pune University","award":["RB 40\/ 2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RB 40\/ 2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T17:45:17Z","timestamp":1603129517000},"page":"e0008800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The pattern of anthrax at the wildlife-livestock-human interface in Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0150-9170","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Norman L.","family":"Mukarati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2615-7394","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gift","family":"Matope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"de Garine-Wichatitsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0576-1290","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daud N.","family":"Ndhlovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Caron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1818-5723","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Davies M.","family":"Pfukenyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0008800.ref001","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Veterinary Microbiology","author":"DC Hirsch","year":"2004","edition":"2"},{"key":"pntd.0008800.ref002","first-page":"1789","volume-title":"Molecular Medical Microbiology","author":"CK Cote","year":"2014","edition":"2"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008800.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.57","article-title":"Wildlife hosts for oie-listed diseases: Considerations regarding global wildlife trade and host\u2013pathogen relationships","volume":"3","author":"KM Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"17","key":"pntd.0008800.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.128.17.399","article-title":"Anthrax in wildlife in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia","volume":"128","author":"PC Turnbull","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008800.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2307\/3565551","article-title":"Epidemics in populations of wild ruminants:anthrax and impala, rinderpest and buffalo in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania","volume":"49","author":"HHT Prins","year":"1987","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"pntd.0008800.ref006","volume-title":"Anthrax","author":"OIE","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008800.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-9888-z","article-title":"Temporal and spatial distribution of cattle anthrax outbreaks in Zimbabwe between 1967 and 2006","volume":"44","author":"SM Chikerema","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0008800.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(91)90237-Z","article-title":"Anthrax vaccines: past, present and future","volume":"9","author":"PCB Turnbull","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008800.ref009","first-page":"15","article-title":"Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in cattle and humans in Zambia","volume":"54","author":"VM Siamudaala","year":"2006","journal-title":"Jpn J Vet Res"},{"key":"pntd.0008800.ref010","article-title":"Distribution and molecular evolution of Bacillus anthracis genotypes in Namibia","author":"W Beyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008800.ref011","first-page":"1788","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of livestock with special reference to Southern Africa","author":"V de Vos","year":"2004","edition":"3"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008800.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2011.02030.x","article-title":"Predictability of anthrax infection in the Serengeti, Tanzania","volume":"48","author":"K Hampson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008800.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2009.08.004","article-title":"Anthrax in animals","volume":"30","author":"W Beyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008800.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.160.4.113","article-title":"Massive outbreak of anthrax in wildlife in the Malilangwe Wildlife Reserve, Zimbabwe","volume":"160","author":"SB Clegg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"pntd.0008800.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.07.037","article-title":"A One Health, participatory epidemiology assessment of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) management in Western Uganda","volume":"129","author":"JL Coffin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0008800.ref016","first-page":"1471","article-title":"Role of Food Insecurity in Outbreak of Anthrax Infections among Humans and Hippopotamuses Living in a Game Reserve Area, Rural Zambia","volume":"23","author":"MW Lehman","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0008800.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005580","article-title":"Awareness and attitudes towards anthrax and meat consumption practices among affected communities in Zambia: A mixed methods approach","volume":"11","author":"DC Sitali","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008800.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v85i1.1615","article-title":"Lay perceptions, beliefs and practices linked to the persistence of anthrax outbreaks in cattle in the Western Province of Zambia","volume":"85","author":"DC Sitali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"pntd.0008800.ref019","volume-title":"Anthrax in animals and humans","author":"WHO","year":"2008","edition":"4"},{"issue":"1604","key":"pntd.0008800.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0362","article-title":"Bringing together emerging and endemic zoonoses surveillance: shared challenges and a common solution","volume":"367","author":"J Halliday","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008800.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.1.1322","article-title":"Infectious animal diseases: the wildlife\/livestock interface","volume":"21","author":"RG Bengis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0008800.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818001577","article-title":"A serological survey of anthrax in domestic dogs in Zimbabwe: A potential tool for anthrax surveillance","volume":"146","author":"NL Mukarati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008800.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0916","article-title":"Awareness and Attitude Toward Zoonoses with Particular Reference to Anthrax Among Cattle Owners in Selected Rural Communities of Zimbabwe","volume":"13","author":"SM Chikerema","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008800.ref024","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Child Care. Zimbabwe Anthrax Control Guidelines in Humans and Animals [Internet]. 2012. [Internet]. 2012. Available from: www.mohcc.gov.zw"},{"key":"pntd.0008800.ref025","volume-title":"Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals","author":"OIE","year":"2013"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0008800.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813000204","article-title":"Relationship between burden of infection in ungulate populations and wildlife\/livestock interfaces","volume":"141","author":"A Caron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008800.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.07.013","article-title":"The OIE Terrestial Animal Health Code 2005","volume":"173","author":"J Scudamore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0008800.ref028","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Animal diseases in wildlife in 2006","volume":"82","author":"H Lis","year":"2007","journal-title":"\u017bycie Weter"},{"key":"pntd.0008800.ref029","article-title":"The effect of seasonal variation on anthrax epidemiology in the upper Zambezi floodplain of western Zambia","author":"HM Munang\u2019andu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008800.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1258\/td.2012.110454","article-title":"Human\u2013animal anthrax outbreak in the Luangwa valley of Zambia in 2011","volume":"42","author":"MB Hang\u2019ombe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"issue":"1795","key":"pntd.0008800.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20141785","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1785","article-title":"Fatal attraction: vegetation responses to nutrient inputs attract herbivores to infectious anthrax carcass sites","volume":"281","author":"WC Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008800.ref032","first-page":"71","article-title":"Ecology and Epidemiology of Anthrax in the Etosha-National-Park, Namibia","volume":"61","author":"PM Lindeque","year":"1994","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"pntd.0008800.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2009.08.003","article-title":"The ecology of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"30","author":"M Hugh-Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecular Aspects of Medicine"},{"key":"pntd.0008800.ref034","unstructured":"Government of Zimbabwe Statutory Instrument 289 of 1994, Animal Health (General) Regulations. Harare: 1994."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008800.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00089-9","article-title":"Human behavioural factors implicated in outbreaks of human anthrax in the Tamale municipality of northern Ghana","volume":"76","author":"C Opare","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008800.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.107.4.82","article-title":"The effects of war on the control of diseases of livestock in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)","volume":"107","author":"JA Lawrence","year":"1980","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pntd.0008800.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.04.006","article-title":"Spatial modelling of Bacillus anthracis ecological niche in Zimbabwe","volume":"111","author":"SM Chikerema","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008800.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.33.2.2309","article-title":"Anthrax as an example of the One Health concept","volume":"33","author":"RG Bengis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech l\u2019OIE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008800.ref039","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bells, bomas and beefsteak: Complex patterns of human-predator conflict at the wildlife-agropastoral interface in Zimbabwe","volume":"2017","author":"AJ Loveridge","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0008800.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12207","article-title":"Frequent and seasonally variable sublethal anthrax infections are accompanied by short-lived immunity in an endemic system","volume":"83","author":"CA Cizauskas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"pntd.0008800.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2016.09.004","article-title":"Soil geochemical parameters influencing the spatial distribution of anthrax in Northwest Minnesota, USA","volume":"74","author":"S Nath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Geochemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008800.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences4030114","article-title":"Anthrax and the Geochemistry of Soils in the Contiguous United States","volume":"4","author":"D Griffin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geosciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008800.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001534","article-title":"Distribution and molecular evolution of Bacillus anthracis genotypes in Namibia","volume":"6","author":"W Beyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008800.ref044","unstructured":"Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Water, Climate & Rural Resettlement, Zimbabwe. Monthly Animal Disease Report. Harare: November 2015."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008800.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191704","article-title":"Ecological suitability modeling for anthrax in the Kruger National Park, South Africa","volume":"13","author":"PJ Steenkamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008800.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1336","article-title":"Anthrax and wildlife","volume":"21","author":"ME Hugh-Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"OIE Rev Sci Tech"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008800.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2012.10.007","article-title":"Coexisting with wildlife in transfrontier conservation areas in *Zimbabwe: Cattle owners\u2019 awareness of disease risks and perceptions of the role played by wildlife","volume":"36","author":"M De Garine-Wichatitsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008800.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002800","article-title":"Neglected Zoonotic Diseases-The Long and Winding Road to Advocacy","volume":"8","author":"HE Mableson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008800","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603929600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008800","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T19:26:27Z","timestamp":1603999587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008800"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Abdallah M.","family":"Samy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008800","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008800","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]}}}