{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:32:53Z","timestamp":1792423973073,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008890","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000}}],"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extracellular RNAs (ex-RNAs) are secreted by cells through different means that may involve association with proteins, lipoproteins or extracellular vesicles (EV). In the context of parasitism, ex-RNAs represent new and exciting communication intermediaries with promising potential as novel biomarkers. In the last years, it was shown that helminth parasites secrete ex-RNAs, however, most work mainly focused on RNA secretion mediated by EV. Ex-RNA study is of special interest in those helminth infections that still lack biomarkers for early and\/or follow-up diagnosis, such as echinococcosis, a neglected zoonotic disease caused by cestodes of the genus <jats:italic>Echinococcus<\/jats:italic>. In this work, we have characterised the ex-RNA profile secreted by <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> grown metacestodes of <jats:italic>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/jats:italic>, the casuative agent of alveolar echinococcosis.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>We have used high throughput RNA-sequencing together with RT-qPCR to characterise the ex-RNA profile secreted towards the extra- and intra-parasite milieus in EV-enriched and EV-depleted fractions. We show that a polarized secretion of small RNAs takes place, with microRNAs mainly secreted to the extra-parasite milieu and rRNA- and tRNA-derived sequences mostly secreted to the intra-parasite milieu. In addition, we show by nanoparticle tracking analyses that viable metacestodes secrete EV mainly into the metacestode inner vesicular fluid (MVF); however, the number of nanoparticles in culture medium and MVF increases &gt; 10-fold when metacestodes show signs of tegument impairment. Interestingly, we confirm the presence of host miRNAs in the intra-parasite milieu, implying their internalization and transport through the tegument towards the MVF. Finally, our assessment of the detection of <jats:italic>Echinococcus<\/jats:italic> miRNAs in patient samples by RT-qPCR yielded negative results suggesting the tested miRNAs may not be good biomarkers for this disease.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>A comprehensive study of the secretion mechanisms throughout the life cycle of these parasites will help to understand parasite interaction with the host and also, improve current diagnostic tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T19:08:34Z","timestamp":1606763314000},"page":"e0008890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Extracellular non-coding RNA signatures of the metacestode stage of Echinococcus multilocularis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6971-7147","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mar\u00eda 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