{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T08:15:06Z","timestamp":1772180106222,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DFG","award":["HO 2009\/10-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HO 2009\/10-1"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["HO2009\/14-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HO2009\/14-1"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["HU2144\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HU2144\/3-1"]}]},{"name":"UNICEF\/UNDP\/World Bank\/SHO","award":["B40134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B40134"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The impact of large scale Mass Drug Adminstration (MDA) of ivermectin on active onchocerciasis transmission by <jats:italic>Simulium damnosum<\/jats:italic>, which transmits the parasite <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>volvulus<\/jats:italic> is of great importance for onchocerciasis control programmes. We investigated in the Mbam river system area, the impact of MDA of ivermectin on entomological indices and also verify if there are river system factors that could have favoured the transmission of onchocerciasis in this area and contribute to the persistence of disease. We compared three independent techniques to detect <jats:italic>Onchocerca<\/jats:italic> larvae in blackflies and also analyzed the river system within 9 months post-MDA of ivermectin.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Simulium<\/jats:italic> flies were captured before and after 1, 3, 6 and 9months of ivermectin-MDA. The biting rate was determined and 41% of the flies dissected while the rest were grouped into pools of 100 flies for DNA extraction. The extracted DNA was then subjected to O-150 LAMP and real-time PCR for the detection of infection by <jats:italic>Onchocerca species<\/jats:italic> using pool screening. The river system was analysed and the water discharge compared between rainy and dry seasons.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We used human landing collection method (previously called human bait) to collect 22,274 adult female <jats:italic>Simulium<\/jats:italic> flies from Mbam River System. Of this number, 9,134 were dissected while 129 pools constituted for molecular screening. Overall biting and parous rates of 1113 flies\/man\/day and 24.7%, respectively, were observed. All diagnostic techniques detected similar rates of <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>volvulus<\/jats:italic> infection (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.9252) and infectivity (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.4825) at all monitoring time points. <jats:italic>Onchocerca ochengi<\/jats:italic> larvae were only detected in 2 of the 129 pools. Analysis of the river drainage revealed two hydroelectric dams constructed on the tributaries of the Mbam river were the key contributing factor to the high-water discharge during both rainy and dry seasons.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Results from fly dissection (Microscopy), real-time PCR and LAMP revealed the same trends pre- and post-MDA. The infection rate with animal <jats:italic>Onchocerca sp<\/jats:italic> was exceptionally low. The dense river system generate important breeding sites that govern the abundance of <jats:italic>Simulium<\/jats:italic> during both dry and rainy seasons.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T18:25:08Z","timestamp":1611080708000},"page":"e0008926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Mbam drainage system and onchocerciasis transmission post ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA) campaign, Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Raphael Awah","family":"Abong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4745-7203","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Glory Ngongeh","family":"Amambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0301-6062","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ali Ahamat","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4335-2968","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Belinda Agbor","family":"Enow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amuam Andrew","family":"Beng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franck Noel","family":"Nietcho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7823-5844","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Theobald Mue","family":"Nji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6336-6160","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdel Jelil","family":"Njouendou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8667-2067","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manuel","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7648-3641","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mathias Eyong","family":"Esum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8526-6996","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kebede","family":"Deribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerome Fru","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fanny Fri","family":"Fombad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter Ivo","family":"Enyong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Poole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3096-2465","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Pfarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Hoerauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clotilde","family":"Carlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0022-8366","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel","family":"Wanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0008926.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1926.11684476","article-title":"The development of Onchocerca volvulus in Simolium damnosum","author":"DB Blacklock","year":"1926","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0008926.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.81692","article-title":"River blindness: an old disease on the brink of elimination and control","volume":"3","author":"KL Winthrop","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008926.ref003","unstructured":"WHO (2019) Onchocerciasis. 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