{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T14:36:54Z","timestamp":1775918214060,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002915","name":"Fondation pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ARF20150934088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARF20150934088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002915","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002915","name":"Fondation pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ARF201809006914"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARF201809006914"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002915","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012616","name":"Fondation Schlumberger pour l\u2019Education et la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FSER202002011118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FSER202002011118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012616","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Brugia malayi<\/jats:italic>is a human filarial nematode responsible for elephantiasis, a debilitating condition that is part of a broader spectrum of diseases called filariasis, including lymphatic filariasis and river blindness. Almost all filarial nematode species infecting humans live in mutualism with<jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>endosymbionts, present in somatic hypodermal tissues but also in the female germline which ensures their vertical transmission to the nematode progeny. These \u03b1-proteobacteria potentially provision their host with essential metabolites and protect the parasite against the vertebrate immune response. In the absence of<jats:italic>Wolbachia wBm<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>malayi<\/jats:italic>females become sterile, and the filarial nematode lifespan is greatly reduced. In order to better comprehend this symbiosis, we investigated the adaptation of<jats:italic>wBm<\/jats:italic>to the host nematode soma and germline, and we characterized these cellular environments to highlight their specificities. Dual RNAseq experiments were performed at the tissue-specific and ovarian developmental stage levels, reaching the resolution of the germline mitotic proliferation and meiotic differentiation stages. We found that most<jats:italic>wBm<\/jats:italic>genes, including putative effectors, are not differentially regulated between infected tissues. However, two<jats:italic>wBm<\/jats:italic>genes involved in stress responses are upregulated in the hypodermal chords compared to the germline, indicating that this somatic tissue represents a harsh environment to which<jats:italic>wBm<\/jats:italic>have adapted. A comparison of the<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>malayi<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>elegans<\/jats:italic>germline transcriptomes reveals a poor conservation of genes involved in the production of oocytes, with the filarial germline proliferative zone relying on a majority of genes absent from<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>elegans<\/jats:italic>. The first orthology map of the<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>malayi<\/jats:italic>genome presented here, together with tissue-specific expression enrichment analyses, indicate that the early steps of oogenesis are a developmental process involving genes specific to filarial nematodes, that likely result from evolutionary innovations supporting the filarial parasitic lifestyle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T19:26:02Z","timestamp":1609961162000},"page":"e0008935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Dual RNAseq analyses at soma and germline levels reveal evolutionary innovations in the elephantiasis-agent Brugia malayi, and adaptation of its Wolbachia endosymbionts"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8880-8615","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Germain","family":"Chevignon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1561-1934","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vincent","family":"Foray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0921-5051","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mercedes Maria","family":"P\u00e9rez-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Libro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9545-523X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5107-6513","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeremy M.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8740-7879","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Landmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0008935.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1418-6","article-title":"Soil nematode abundance and functional group composition at a global scale","volume":"572","author":"J van den Hoogen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pntd.0008935.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0262-1","article-title":"Comparative genomics of the major parasitic worms","volume":"51","author":"O\u2019connor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"pntd.0008935.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1086\/BBLv223n1p85","article-title":"Nematode-Bacterium Symbioses\u2014Cooperation and Conflict Revealed in the \u201cOmics\u201d Age","volume":"223","author":"KE Murfin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Bull"},{"key":"pntd.0008935.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000791","article-title":"The evolution of parasitism in Nematoda","volume":"142","author":"M BLAXTER","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0008935.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60586-7","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis","volume":"376","author":"MJ Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0008935.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020843","article-title":"New insights into the evolution of Wolbachia infections in filarial nematodes inferred from a large range of screened species","volume":"6.","author":"E Ferri","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0008935.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.BAI-0018-2019","article-title":"The Wolbachia Endosymbionts","volume":"7","author":"F. 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