{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:34:13Z","timestamp":1790948053017,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ratchadapiseksompote Fund, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand","award":["(Grant No. RA 62\/130)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(Grant No. RA 62\/130)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004776","name":"Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["B16F630071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B16F630071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004776","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004776","name":"Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIH\/NIAID\/CREID\/07-049-7012-52338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH\/NIAID\/CREID\/07-049-7012-52338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004776","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human head lice are blood-sucking insects causing an infestation in humans called pediculosis capitis. The infestation is more prevalent in the school-aged population. Scalp itching, a common presenting symptom, results in scratching and sleep disturbance. The condition can lead to social stigmatization which can lead to loss of self-esteem. Currently, the mainstay of treatment for pediculosis is chemical insecticides such as permethrin. The extended use of permethrin worldwide leads to growing pediculicide resistance. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the presence of the knockdown resistance (<jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>) mutation in head lice populations from six different localities of Thailand. A total of 260 head lice samples in this study were collected from 15 provinces in the 6 regions of Thailand. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the \u03b1 subunit of voltage-sensitive sodium channel (<jats:italic>VSSC<\/jats:italic>) gene, <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> mutation (C\u2192T substitution). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns and sequencing were used to identify the <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> T917I mutation and demonstrated three genotypic forms including homozygous susceptible (SS), heterozygous genotype (RS), and homozygous resistant (RR). Of 260 samples from this study, 156 (60.00%) were SS, 58 (22.31%) were RS, and 46 (17.69%) were RR. The overall frequency of the <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> T917I mutation was 0.31. Genotypes frequencies determination using the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium found that northern, central, northeastern, southern, and western region of Thailand differed from expectation. The five aforementioned localities had positive inbreeding coefficient value (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>is<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> &gt; 0) which indicated an excess of homozygotes. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of RS and RR showed T917I and L920F point mutations. In conclusion, this is the first study detecting permethrin resistance among human head lice from Thailand. PCR-RFLP is an easy technique to demonstrate the <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> mutation in head louse. The data obtained from this study would increase awareness of increasing of the <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> mutation in head louse in Thailand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T20:03:08Z","timestamp":1608148988000},"page":"e0008955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Presence of the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) collected from primary school children of Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0482-9559","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Narisa","family":"Brownell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0223-8787","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sakone","family":"Sunantaraporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7890-5078","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kobpat","family":"Phadungsaksawasdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9145-8807","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nirin","family":"Seatamanoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4225-7694","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Switt","family":"Kongdachalert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8243-7406","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Atchara","family":"Phumee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9248-1678","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Padet","family":"Siriyasatien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008955.ref001","first-page":"147","article-title":"Pediculus humanus capitis: an update","volume":"17","author":"I Nutanson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008955.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-0842-5","article-title":"Potential role of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, as vectors of Rickettsia prowazekii","volume":"90","author":"D Robinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008955.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2006)043[0110:FMEOBQ]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"First molecular evidence of Bartonella quintana in Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), collected from Nepalese children","volume":"43","author":"T Sasaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0008955.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1712.110453","article-title":"Altitude-dependent Bartonella quintana genotype C in head lice, Ethiopia","volume":"17","author":"E Angelakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008955.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0742-4","article-title":"Molecular survey of the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis in Thailand and its potential role for transmitting Acinetobacter spp","volume":"8","author":"S Sunantaraporn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0008955.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1905.121480","article-title":"Borrelia recurrentis in head lice, Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"A Boutellis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008955.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(16)61129-5","article-title":"Prevalence and factors of head lice infestation among primary school students in Northern Thailand.","volume":"6","author":"W Ruankham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008955.ref008","first-page":"65","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors of pediculosis capitis in primary schools near the Thai-Myanmar border in Ratchaburi Province","volume":"32","author":"N Thanyavanich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thailand. 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