{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T06:56:04Z","timestamp":1778828164349,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008962","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609113600000}}],"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AI110818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI110818"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Secretary of Science, Technology, and Innovation (SENACYT) of Panama","award":["SENACYT-FID16-P-097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SENACYT-FID16-P-097"]}]},{"name":"Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health"},{"name":"Ministry of Health of Panama and the Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Malaria incidence in Panama has plateaued in recent years in spite of elimination efforts, with almost all cases caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Notwithstanding, overall malaria prevalence remains low (fewer than 1 case per 1000 persons). We used selective whole genome amplification to sequence 59\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    samples from Panama. The\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    samples were collected from two periods (2007\u20132009 and 2017\u20132019) to study the population structure and transmission dynamics of the parasite. Imported cases resulting from increased levels of human migration could threaten malaria elimination prospects, and four of the samples evaluated came from individuals with travel history. We explored patterns of recent common ancestry among the samples and observed that a highly genetically related lineage (termed CL1) was dominant among the samples (47 out of 59 samples with good sequencing coverage), spanning the entire period of the collection (2007\u20132019) and all regions of the country. We also found a second, smaller clonal lineage (termed CL2) of four parasites collected between 2017 and 2019. To explore the regional context of Panamanian\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    we conducted principal components analysis and constructed a neighbor-joining tree using these samples and samples collected worldwide from a previous study. Three of the four samples with travel history clustered with samples collected from their suspected country of origin (consistent with importation), while one appears to have been a result of local transmission. The small number of Panamanian\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    samples not belonging to either CL1 or CL2 clustered with samples collected from Colombia, suggesting they represent the genetically similar ancestral\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    population in Panama or were recently imported from Colombia. The low diversity we observe in Panama indicates that this parasite population has been previously subject to a severe bottleneck and may be eligible for elimination. Additionally, while we confirmed that\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                    is imported to Panama from diverse geographic locations, the lack of impact from imported cases on the overall parasite population genomic profile suggests that onward transmission from such cases is limited and that imported cases may not presently pose a major barrier to elimination.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T13:49:25Z","timestamp":1607953765000},"page":"e0008962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Population genomics of Plasmodium vivax in Panama to assess the risk of case importation on malaria 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M.","family":"Early","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Quijada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Itza","family":"Barahona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Lasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Avila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Volkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Marti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1665-9323","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Neafsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3711-9449","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicanor","family":"Obaldia III","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0008962.ref001","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"pntd.0008962.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.79","article-title":"Vivax malaria: neglected and not benign","volume":"77","author":"RN Price","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008962.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.06.008","article-title":"Malaria in selected non-Amazonian countries of Latin America","volume":"121","author":"M 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Dari\u00e9n, convertido en un r\u00edo imparable de migrantes irregulares [Internet]. La Estrella de Panam\u00e1. 2019 [cited 2020 Apr 29]. 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