{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T11:31:43Z","timestamp":1781004703013,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008978","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000}}],"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) caused by <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> has enormous reproductive health consequences including infertility. Reproductive aged individuals are a neglected group and not included in control programs in Cameroon. This study investigated the prevalence and severity of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection in the context of gender and socio-economic structures that shape behaviour among reproductive aged individuals living in Tiko, a semi-urban setting, Cameroon.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Tiko Health District (THD) between May to September 2019. Consenting individuals were enrolled using a convenient sampling technique and administered a semi-structured questionnaire to document data on socio-demographic and stream contact behaviour. A urine sample was collected and screened for the presence of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> ova using reagent strips, filtration and microscopy. The overall prevalence of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection was 22.8% (95% CL: 19.27\u201326.73) with geometric mean egg load of 18.74 (range: 1\u20131600) per 10ml of urine. Younger age group (15 \u2013 20years) (OR: 5.13; 95% CL: 1.35\u201319.42), male (OR: 2.60 3.07; 95% CL: 1.54\u20134.40) and awareness of UGS (OR: 1.73; 95% CL: 1.02\u20132.95) were associated with higher odds of exposure to infection. Significantly higher intensity of infection was seen in males, singles and in the age group 15\u201330 years. It is worth noting that males carried out more activities which entailed longer duration in streams.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The prevalence obtained shows that Tiko is a moderate-risk area for UGS with underlying morbidity-inducing infection intensity. The severity of the infection is more in males. Awareness of the disease is not enough to protect these communities from infection, but provision of public infrastructures and health education will limit contact with infested water and thus curtail the infection. There is an urgent need to involve all age groups in control programs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T22:41:32Z","timestamp":1610491292000},"page":"e0008978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The epidemiological status of urogenital schistosomiasis among reproductive aged individuals in the Tiko Health Area- a semi-urban setting in the Mount Cameroon area"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5015-138X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vicky Daonyle","family":"Ndassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith Kuoh","family":"Anchang-Kimbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2607-8845","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Irene Ule Ngole","family":"Sumbele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lennin Azaofah","family":"Ngufor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kouemou","family":"Nadege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen Kuokuo","family":"Kimbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.02.006","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS): from case reports to a call for concerted action against this neglected gynaecological disease","volume":"46","author":"V Christinet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intl J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref002","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schistosomiasis fact sheet"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009006404","article-title":"Social science perspectives on schistosomiasis control in Africa: Past trends and future directions","volume":"136","author":"J Aagaard-Hansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008978.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0215-9","article-title":"Towards interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in sub-Saharan Africa: developing an appropriate environmental surveillance framework to guide and to support 'end game' interventions","volume":"6","author":"JR Stothard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008978.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.02.006","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and pregnancy","volume":"23","author":"JF Friedman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2012.03.004","article-title":"Schistosomiasis","volume":"26","author":"B Gryseels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.02.001","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in African infants and preschool children: let them now be treated","volume":"29","author":"JR Stothard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0008978.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2474","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002474","article-title":"Elimination of schistosomiasis transmission in Zanzibar: baseline findings before the onset of a randomized intervention trial","volume":"7","author":"S Knopp","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref009","volume-title":"Gender, behavior, and health: schistosomiasis transmission and control in rural Egypt","author":"S El-Katsha","year":"2002"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0008978.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.1998.tb00001.x","article-title":"Incorporating gender in the anthropology of infectious diseases","volume":"3","author":"C Vlassoff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trop Med Intl health"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00029-9","article-title":"Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"86","author":"MJ Van der Werf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/03008880802285032","article-title":"The global burden of urinary bladder cancer","volume":"218","author":"DM Parkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008978.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1475","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001475","article-title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases of the Middle East and North Africa: Review of Their Prevalence, Distribution, and Opportunities for Control","volume":"6","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-134","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis as an evidence of a neglected cause for reproductive ill-health: a retrospective histopathological study from Tanzania","volume":"6","author":"B Swai","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref015","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Health Estimates 2016: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000\u20132016. Geneva. 2018; https:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/global_burden_disease\/estimates\/en\/. Accessed on January 15 2020."},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref016","first-page":"e00077","article-title":"A systematic review with epidemiological update of male genital schistosomiasis (MGS): A call for integrated case management across the health system in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"3","author":"S Kayuni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008978.ref017","first-page":"82","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of urinary schistosomiasis in some primary schools in a new focus behind mount Cameroon, South West Region, Cameroon","volume":"89","author":"HN Ntonifor","year":"2012","journal-title":"E Afr Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008978.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/IJTDH\/2016\/26669","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Urinary Schistosomiasis in the Ikata-Likoko Area of Southwest Cameroon","volume":"17","author":"CB Ebai","year":"2016","journal-title":"IJTDH"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref019","article-title":"Coinfection with Schistosoma haematobium and Plasmodium falciparum and Anaemia Severity among Pregnant Women in Munyenge, Mount Cameroon Area: A Cross-Sectional Study","author":"JK Anchang-Kimbi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008978.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/IJTDH\/2018\/43575","article-title":"Presence of an Unmapped Focus for Urogenital Schistosomiasis in the Tiko Health District in Cameroon: Implications for Control","volume":"32","author":"E Anguh","year":"2018","journal-title":"IJTDH"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6659-7","article-title":"Schistosoma haematobium infection status and its associated risk factors among pregnant women in Munyenge, South West Region, Cameroon following scale-up of communal piped water sources from 2014 to 2017: a cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"BG Wepnje","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref022","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with S. haematobium egg excretion during the dry season, six months following mass distribution of praziquantel (PZQ) in 2017 in the Bafia Health Area, South West Region Cameroon: A cross sectional study","author":"VD Ndassi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70099-2","article-title":"Schistosomiasis elimination: lessons from the past guide the future","volume":"10","author":"DJ Gray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref024","first-page":"111","article-title":"A cross-sectional survey on the prevalence of anaemia and malnutrition in primary school children in the Tiko Health District, Cameroon","volume":"32","author":"ESB Tabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-349","article-title":"Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae prevalence among women of reproductive age living in urogenital schistosomiasis endemic area in Ghana","volume":"7","author":"D Yirenya-Tawiah","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2005.07.005","article-title":"Men\u2019s preferences for women\u2019s profile waist to hip ratio in two societies","volume":"26","author":"FT Marlowe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evol Hum Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008978.ref027","first-page":"9","article-title":"Practical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies","volume":"1","author":"L Naing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Orofac Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008978.ref028","first-page":"57","article-title":"Water-contact patterns and socioeconomic variables in the epidemiology of schistosoma mansoni in an endemic area in Brazil","volume":"65","author":"MFF Lima E Costa","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008978.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1601","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001601","article-title":"A Research Agenda for Helminth Diseases of Humans: Diagnostics for Control and Elimination Programmes","volume":"6","author":"JS McCarthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref030","volume-title":"District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Part 1","author":"M. Cheesbrough","year":"2009","edition":"2"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref031","author":"WHO","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tropical Disease Research, TDR strategic direction: Schistosomiasis, WHO-TDR"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref032","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Evaluation of Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis and Schistosomiasis at Community Level: A Guide for Managers of Control Programme","author":"WHO","year":"1993"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref033","volume-title":"Statistical methods in medical research","author":"P Armitage","year":"1994","edition":"3"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980430)17:8<873::AID-SIM779>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Interval estimation for the difference between independent proportions: comparison of eleven methods","volume":"17","author":"RG Newcombe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref035","volume-title":"Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis: Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0008978.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1179\/136485910X12743554760469","article-title":"Factors associated with urinary schistosomiasis in two peri-urban communities in South-western Nigeria","volume":"104","author":"US Ugobomoiko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-4-4","article-title":"Urban schistosomiasis and associated determinant factors among school children in Bamako, Mali, West Africa","volume":"4","author":"A Dabo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref038","first-page":"47","article-title":"Risk factors for schistosomiasis in an urban area in northern C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume-title":"Infect Dis Poverty","author":"RK M\u2019Bra","year":"2018"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.058933","article-title":"Use of Bayesian geostatistical prediction to estimate local variations in Schistosoma haematobium infection in western Africa","volume":"87","author":"ACA Clements","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0008978.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-012-9453-3","article-title":"Spring water quality and usability in the Mount Cameroon area revealed by hydrogeochemistry","volume":"34","author":"A Ako","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Geochem Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0008978.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-2276.2003.01120.x","article-title":"Polyparasitism with Schistosoma haematobium and soil-transmitted helminth infections among school children in Loum, Cameroon","volume":"8","author":"LA TchuemTchuente","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop Med Intl Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008978.ref042","first-page":"575","article-title":"Urinary schistosomiasis among pregnant women in some endemic tropical semi-urban communities of Anambra State, Nigeria","volume":"29","author":"JE Eyo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008978.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.01.024","article-title":"Schistosomiasis among pregnant women in rural communities in Nigeria","volume":"122","author":"OT Salawu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008978.ref044","first-page":"1056","article-title":"Epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthiasis in a recently established focus behind Mount Cameroon","volume":"4","author":"HN Ntonifor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J Curr Microbiol. App. Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008978.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.549","article-title":"Age-acquired resistance and predisposition to reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium after treatment with praziquantel in Mali","volume":"52","author":"JF Etard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.338","article-title":"Age-dependent reduction of schistosome fecundity in Schistosoma haematobium but not Schistosoma mansoni infections in humans","volume":"55","author":"A Agnew","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0008978.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu374","article-title":"Human Schistosoma haematobium antifecundity immunity is dependent on transmission intensity and associated with immunoglobulin G1 to worm-derived antigens","volume":"210","author":"S Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008978.ref048","first-page":"77","article-title":"Prevalence and transmission dynamics of Schistosoma haematobium infection in a rural community of southwestern Ebonyi State, Nigeria","volume":"31","author":"N Ivoke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0822-5","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and associated risk factors among Abobo Primary School children in Gambella Regional State, southwestern Ethiopia: a cross sectional study","volume":"8","author":"S Geleta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0008978.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005982","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005982","article-title":"Perceptions about interventions to control schistosomiasis among the Lake Victoria island communities of Koome, Uganda","volume":"11","author":"RE Sanya","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008978.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1672-5","article-title":"Prevalence and intensity of genito-urinary schistosomiasis and associated risk factors among junior high school students in two local government areas around Zobe Dam in Katsina State, Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"TE Atalabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008978.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0158-1","article-title":"Urogenital schistosomiasis and associated determinant factors among senior high school students in the Dutsin-Ma and Safana Local Government Areas of Katsina State, Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"TE Atalabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref053","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis epidemiological situation: morbidity. Available at www.who.int\/ schistosomiasis\/ epidemiology\/en\/. Accessed on December 12, 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008978.ref054","first-page":"28","article-title":"Schistosomias: health effect on women","volume":"3","author":"MN Nour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008978.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-005-0007-3","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in Lake Malawi: Relationship of fish and intermediate host density to prevalence of human infection","volume":"3","author":"JR Stauffer","year":"2006","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008978.ref056","first-page":"469","article-title":"Risk factors for human schistosomiasis in the Upper Benue valley, in northern Cameroon","volume":"101","author":"A Ndassa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0008978.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006636","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006636","article-title":"The current epidemiological status of urogenital schistosomiasis among primary school pupils in Katsina State, Nigeria: An imperative for a scale up of water and sanitation initiative and mass administration of medicines with Praziquantel","volume":"12","author":"TE Atalabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008978.ref058","first-page":"67","article-title":"Schistosomiasis risk factors based on the infection status among school-going children in the Ndumo area, uMkhanyakude district, South Africa","volume":"32","author":"M Kabuyaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"S Afr J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008978.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0766-9","article-title":"The roles of water, sanitation and hygiene in reducing schistosomiasis: a review","volume":"8","author":"JE Grimes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008978.ref060","article-title":"Prevalence distribution and risk factors for Schistosoma hematobium infection among school children in Blantyre, Malawi","volume":"3","author":"AP Kapito-Tembo","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"05","key":"pntd.0008978.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007752","article-title":"Relative contribution of day-to-day and intra-specimen variation in faecal egg counts of Schistosoma mansoni before and after treatment with praziquantel","volume":"122","author":"J Utzinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008978","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008978","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T23:07:40Z","timestamp":1611356860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008978"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Morassutti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008978","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008978","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]}}}