{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T04:19:31Z","timestamp":1774930771862,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008979","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000}}],"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Malaysia","award":["NMRR-18-805-41423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRR-18-805-41423"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Melioidosis is a neglected tropical disease with rising global public health and clinical importance. Melioidosis is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and is of increasing concern in Malaysia. Despite a number of reported studies from Malaysia, these reports are limited to certain parts of the country and do not provide a cohesive link between epidemiology of melioidosis cases and the nation-wide distribution of the causative agent <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/principle findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Here we report on the distribution of <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> sequence types (STs) in Malaysia and how the STs are related to STs globally. We obtained 84 culture-confirmed <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> from confirmed septicaemic melioidosis patients from all over Malaysia. Prior to performing Multi Locus Sequence Typing, the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detection of the YLF\/BTFC genes and BimA allele. Up to 90.5% of the isolates were sensitive to all antimicrobials tested while resistance was observed for antimicrobials typically administered during the eradication stage of treatment. YLF gene cluster and <jats:italic>bimA<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>Bp<\/jats:sub> allele variant were detected in all the isolates. The epidemiological distribution patterns of the Malaysian <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> isolates were analysed <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> using phylogenetic tools and compared to Southeast Asian and world-wide isolates. Genotyping of the 84 Malaysian <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> isolates revealed 29 different STs of which 6 (7.1%) were novel. ST50 was identified as the group founder followed by subgroup founders ST376, ST211 and ST84. A low-level diversity is noted for the <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> isolates described in this study while phylogenetic analysis associated the Malaysian STs to Southeast Asian isolates especially isolates from Thailand. Further analysis also showed a strong association that implicates agriculture and domestication activities as high-risk routes of infection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In conclusion, MLST analysis of <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> clinical isolates from all states in Malaysia revealed low diversity and a close association to Southeast Asian isolates.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T20:41:18Z","timestamp":1609188078000},"page":"e0008979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Multi locus sequence typing of clinical Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates from Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8259-7143","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Revathy","family":"Arushothy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fairuz","family":"Amran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nazirah","family":"Samsuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norazah","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2132-2346","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sheila","family":"Nathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0008979.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004956","article-title":"Prevalence and Identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Near-Neighbor Species in the Malabar Coastal Region of India","volume":"10","author":"B V. Peddayelachagiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008979.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17107","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.107","article-title":"Melioidosis","volume":"4","author":"WJ Wiersinga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008979.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0165","article-title":"Case report: Fatal co-infection-melioidosis and leptospirosis","volume":"87","author":"HS Hin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008979.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/jtm.12150","article-title":"A case of melioidosis probably acquired by inhalation of dusts during a helicopter flight in a healthy traveler returning from singapore","volume":"22","author":"S Amadasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008979.ref005","first-page":"266","article-title":"Melioidosis in Malaysia","volume":"64","author":"SD Puthucheary","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008979.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370215583801","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis: Past, present and future","volume":"240","author":"SKP Lau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"pntd.0008979.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dance DAB, Limmathurotsakul D. 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