{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:52:14Z","timestamp":1790729534358,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008982","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000}}],"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007514","name":"Universit\u00e0 di Pisa","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PRA2018_56"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRA2018_56"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007514","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis is a re-emerging and globally spread zoonosis caused by pathogenic genomospecies of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>. Wild boar (<jats:italic>Sus scrofa<\/jats:italic>) are an important <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> host and are increasing in population all over Europe. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp. infection in the reproductive systems of wild boar hunted in two Italian regions: Tuscany and Sardinia. From 231 animals, reproductive system tissue samples (testicles, epididymides, uteri) as well as placentas and fetuses were collected. Bacteriological examination and Real-Time PCR were performed to detect pathogenic <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>lipL32<\/jats:italic> gene). Leptospires were isolated from the testicles and epididymides of one adult and two subadult wild boar. Four isolates from the two subadult males were identified as <jats:italic>Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:italic> serogroup Australis by MLST, whereas <jats:italic>Leptospira kirschneri<\/jats:italic> serogroup Grippotyphosa was identified from the adult testicles and epididymis. Using Real-Time PCR, 70 samples were positive: 22 testicles (23.16%) and 22 epididymides (23.16%), 10 uteri (7.35%), 3 placentas (6.66%), and 13 fetuses (28.88%). Amplification of the <jats:italic>rrs2<\/jats:italic> gene identified <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>interrogans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>kirschneri<\/jats:italic> species. The results from this investigation confirmed that wild boar represent a potential source of pathogenic <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp. Isolation of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> serogroups Australis and Grippotyphosa from the male reproductive system and the positive Real-Time PCR results from both male and female samples could suggest venereal transmission, as already demonstrated in pigs. Furthermore, placentas and fetuses were positive for the <jats:italic>lipL32<\/jats:italic> target, and this finding may be related to a possible vertical transmission of pathogenic <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T21:20:03Z","timestamp":1609190403000},"page":"e0008982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Presence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in the reproductive system and fetuses of wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Italy"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5234-1240","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Cilia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Bertelloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2878-4682","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ivana","family":"Piredda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9247-3299","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Nicoletta","family":"Ponti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Turchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0141-6449","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlo","family":"Cantile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Pinzauti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9614-2032","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea","family":"Armani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Palmas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Noworol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Cerri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1717-2947","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Filippo","family":"Fratini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0008982.ref001","first-page":"65","article-title":"Leptospirosis in humans","volume":"387","author":"DA Haake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0008982.ref002","volume-title":"Leptospira and leptospirosis","author":"S Faine","year":"2000","edition":"2"},{"key":"pntd.0008982.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.5","article-title":"Virulence of the zoonotic agent of leptospirosis: still terra incognita?","volume":"15","author":"M Picardeau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0008982.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007270","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007270","article-title":"Revisiting the taxonomy and evolution of pathogenicity of the genus Leptospira through the prism of genomics","volume":"13","author":"AT Vincent","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008982.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007374","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007374","article-title":"Genus-wide Leptospira core genome multilocus sequence typing for strain taxonomy and global surveillance","volume":"13","author":"J Guglielmini","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008982.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012","article-title":"Leptospira and leptospirosis","volume":"140","author":"B Adler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0008982.ref007","first-page":"99","article-title":"Animal Leptospirosis","author":"WA Ellis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology"},{"key":"pntd.0008982.ref008","first-page":"235","article-title":"Leptospira interrogans in the genital tract of sheep. 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