{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:41:54Z","timestamp":1791362514016,"version":"4.3.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008991","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000}}],"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007000","name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20150090DR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20150090DR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007000","name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20150090DR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20150090DR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI51305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI51305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW05884"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW05884"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-typhoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> (NTS) is a major global health concern that often causes bloodstream infections in areas of the world affected by malnutrition and comorbidities such as HIV and malaria. Developing a strategy to control the emergence and spread of highly invasive and antimicrobial resistant NTS isolates requires a comprehensive analysis of epidemiological factors and molecular pathogenesis. Here, we characterize 11 NTS isolates that caused bloodstream infections in pediatric patients in Siaya, Kenya from 2003\u20132010. Nine isolates were identified as <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium sequence type 313 while the other two were <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis. Comprehensive genotypic and phenotypic analyses were performed to compare these isolates to those previously identified in sub-Saharan Africa. We identified a <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium isolate referred to as UGA14 that displayed novel plasmid, pseudogene and resistance features as compared to other isolates reported from Africa. Notably, UGA14 is able to ferment both lactose and sucrose due to the acquisition of insertion elements on the pKST313 plasmid. These findings show for the first time the co-evolution of plasmid-mediated lactose and sucrose metabolism along with cephalosporin resistance in NTS further elucidating the evolutionary mechanisms of invasive NTS phenotypes. These results further support the use of combined genomic and phenotypic approaches to detect and characterize atypical NTS isolates in order to advance biosurveillance efforts that inform countermeasures aimed at controlling invasive and antimicrobial resistant NTS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T22:18:31Z","timestamp":1612217911000},"page":"e0008991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparative genomic and phenotypic characterization of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from Siaya, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6215-4871","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica Z.","family":"Kubicek-Sutherland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9176-924X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gary","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3876-691X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Migun","family":"Shakya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3345-3394","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Priya K.","family":"Dighe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey L.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5937-9869","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hajnalka","family":"Daligault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2740-1344","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karen","family":"Davenport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1715-1211","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Loreen R.","family":"Stromberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1137-1128","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zachary R.","family":"Stromberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1343-1171","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qiuying","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2901-0339","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Prakasha","family":"Kempaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3928-6774","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John Michael","family":"Ong\u2019echa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Otieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3304-6836","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Evans","family":"Raballah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5813-4018","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel","family":"Anyona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8205-8887","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Collins","family":"Ouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3949-3634","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patrick S. G.","family":"Chain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9390-6255","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Douglas J.","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0931-0545","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harshini","family":"Mukundan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin H.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8254-2126","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Norman A.","family":"Doggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008991.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.23380","article-title":"Rise of the microbes","volume":"4","author":"MJ Mahan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0008991.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.5.591","article-title":"Assessment of severe malnutrition among hospitalized children in rural Kenya: comparison of weight for height and mid upper arm circumference","volume":"294","author":"J Berkley","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9835","key":"pntd.0008991.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61752-2","article-title":"Invasive non-typhoidal salmonella disease: an emerging and neglected tropical disease in Africa","volume":"379","author":"NA Feasey","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008991.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.102","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and management of invasive Salmonella disease","volume":"33","author":"S Kariuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0008991.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001921","article-title":"World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 22 Foodborne Bacterial, Protozoal, and Viral Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis","volume":"12","author":"MD Kirk","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12380","article-title":"Antibacterial resistance in sub-Saharan Africa: an underestimated emergency","volume":"1323","author":"S Kariuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0008991.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2011.141175","article-title":"Drug resistance in Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium bloodstream infection, Malawi","volume":"20","author":"NA Feasey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8707","key":"pntd.0008991.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91648-T","article-title":"Quinolone resistance in Salmonella spp: veterinary pointers","volume":"336","author":"LJ Piddock","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008991.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006156","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006156","article-title":"Multi-drug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with invasive disease in western Kenya","volume":"12","author":"A Akullian","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-31","article-title":"Invasive bacterial co-infection in African children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"J Church","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0008991.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003979","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003979","article-title":"Modelling the Contributions of Malaria, HIV, Malnutrition and Rainfall to the Decline in Paediatric Invasive Non-typhoidal Salmonella Disease in Malawi","volume":"9","author":"NA Feasey","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-400","article-title":"The association between malaria and non-typhoid Salmonella bacteraemia in children in sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review","volume":"13","author":"EN Takem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0008991.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004049","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004049","article-title":"Malaria parasite infection compromises control of concurrent systemic non-typhoidal Salmonella infection via IL-10-mediated alteration of myeloid cell function","volume":"10","author":"KL Lokken","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008991.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31237","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031237","article-title":"Differing burden and epidemiology of non-Typhi Salmonella bacteremia in rural and urban Kenya, 2006\u20132009","volume":"7","author":"C Tabu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008991.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ893","article-title":"The Relationship Between Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Disease, Other Bacterial Bloodstream Infections, and Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"62","author":"SE Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0008991.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199912000-00009","article-title":"Non-typhi Salmonella bacteremia in children","volume":"18","author":"E Zaidi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-101","article-title":"Characterisation of community acquired non-typhoidal Salmonella from bacteraemia and diarrhoeal infections in children admitted to hospital in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"6","author":"S Kariuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008991.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2004.08.015","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal salmonellae, Kenya, 1994\u20132003","volume":"25","author":"S Kariuki","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0008991.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix669","article-title":"2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the","volume":"65","author":"AL Shane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008991.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-15","article-title":"Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Laboratory Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Antimicrobial Management of Invasive Salmonella Infections","volume":"28","author":"JA Crump","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008991.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00078-15","article-title":"Ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium sequence type 313 from Kenyan patients is associated with the blaCTX-M-15 gene on a novel IncHI2 plasmid","volume":"59","author":"S Kariuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008991.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2103","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002103","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in invasive non-typhoid Salmonella from the Democratic Republic of the Congo: emergence of decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility and extended-spectrum beta lactamases","volume":"7","author":"O Lunguya","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008991.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11844-z","article-title":"An African Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 sublineage with extensive drug-resistance and signatures of host adaptation","volume":"10","author":"S Van Puyvelde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0008991.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2423","article-title":"Intracontinental spread of human invasive Salmonella Typhimurium pathovariants in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"44","author":"CK Okoro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"20","key":"pntd.0008991.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6223","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01760-16","article-title":"Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Isolates in Chile Provides Insights into Possible Transmission between Gulls, Poultry, and Humans","volume":"82","author":"M Toro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0008991.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03821-15","article-title":"Global Genomic Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium DT104","volume":"82","author":"P Leekitcharoenphon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008991.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87991","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087991","article-title":"Evaluation of whole genome sequencing for outbreak detection of Salmonella enterica","volume":"9","author":"P Leekitcharoenphon","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0008991.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.091017.109","article-title":"Epidemic multiple drug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium causing invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa have a distinct genotype","volume":"19","author":"RA Kingsley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008991.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftu023","article-title":"Non-typhoidal Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 isolates that cause bacteremia in humans stimulate less inflammasome activation than ST19 isolates associated with gastroenteritis","volume":"73","author":"S Carden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0008991.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1470","article-title":"Comparison of genome degradation in Paratyphi A and Typhi, human-restricted serovars of Salmonella enterica that cause typhoid","volume":"36","author":"M McClelland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008991.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003611","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003611","article-title":"Signatures of adaptation in human invasive Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 populations from sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"9","author":"CK Okoro","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0008991.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.08.012","article-title":"Host-dependent Induction of Transient Antibiotic Resistance: A Prelude to Treatment Failure","volume":"2","author":"JZ Kubicek-Sutherland","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0008991.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005697","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005697","article-title":"Virulence of invasive Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 in animal models of infection","volume":"11","author":"G Ramachandran","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008991.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00149.x","article-title":"Global phenotypic characterization of bacteria","volume":"33","author":"BR Bochner","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008991.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06383.x","article-title":"Important discoveries from analysing bacterial phenotypes","volume":"70","author":"BR Bochner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecular microbiology"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2018.31.114.16725","article-title":"Predictors of post neonatal mortality in Western Kenya: a cohort study","volume":"31","author":"G Kaguthi","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Pan African medical journal"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref037","unstructured":"National AIDS and STI Control Programme. Kenya HIV Estimates Report 2018. Nairobi, Kenya: National AIDS and STI Control Programme, 2018."},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref038","volume-title":"Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey 2015","author":"National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP)","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008991.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01864-10","article-title":"Bacteremia in Kenyan children presenting with malaria","volume":"49","author":"T Were","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-285","article-title":"Changing malaria intervention coverage, transmission and hospitalization in Kenya","volume":"9","author":"EA Okiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008991.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.932","article-title":"Analysis of repeated hemoglobin measures in full-term, normal birth weight Kenyan children between birth and four years of age. III. The Asemobo Bay Cohort Project","volume":"61","author":"PD McElroy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008991.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.641","article-title":"Longitudinal cohort study of the epidemiology of malaria infections in an area of intense malaria transmission II. Descriptive epidemiology of malaria infection and disease among children","volume":"60","author":"PB Bloland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008991.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1179\/136485907X176337","article-title":"Effect of artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine on haematological recovery and anaemia, in Kenyan children with uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"101","author":"CO Obonyo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008991.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000200533.56490.b7","article-title":"Increased severe anemia in HIV-1-exposed and HIV-1-positive infants and children during acute malaria","volume":"20","author":"RO Otieno","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref045","article-title":"Basic Paediatric Protocols\u2014Revised","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nairobi"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008991.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/27.2.185","article-title":"Evaluation of the E test, a novel method of quantifying antimicrobial activity","volume":"27","author":"DF Brown","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref047","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests; Approved Standard\u2014Tenth Edition. Wayne, PA: 2009."},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008991.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1517\/14622416.5.4.433","volume":"5","author":"Solexa Ltd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-014-0366-2","article-title":"Rapid evaluation and quality control of next generation sequencing data with FaQCs","volume":"15","author":"CC Lo","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC bioinformatics"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0008991.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.074492.107","article-title":"Velvet: algorithms for de novo short read assembly using de Bruijn graphs","volume":"18","author":"DR Zerbino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0008991.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts174","article-title":"IDBA-UD: a de novo assembler for single-cell and metagenomic sequencing data with highly uneven depth","volume":"28","author":"Y Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"5910","key":"pntd.0008991.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1162986","article-title":"Real-time DNA sequencing from single polymerase molecules","volume":"323","author":"J Eid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008991.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2474","article-title":"Nonhybrid, finished microbial genome assemblies from long-read SMRT sequencing data","volume":"10","author":"CS Chin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008991.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.8.3.175","article-title":"Base-calling of automated sequencer traces using phred. I. Accuracy assessment","volume":"8","author":"B Ewing","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008991.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.8.3.186","article-title":"Base-calling of automated sequencer traces using phred. II. Error probabilities","volume":"8","author":"B Ewing","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008991.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.8.3.195","article-title":"Consed: a graphical tool for sequence finishing","volume":"8","author":"D Gordon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008991.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1027","article-title":"Enabling the democratization of the genomics revolution with a fully integrated web-based bioinformatics platform","volume":"45","author":"PE Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref058","article-title":"PHAST: A Fast Phage Search Tool","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref059","article-title":"IslandViewer 3: more flexible, interactive genomic island discovery, visualization and analysis","author":"BK Dhillon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic acids research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008991.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn578","article-title":"DNAPlotter: circular and linear interactive genome visualization","volume":"25","author":"T Carver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008991.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-017-0999-7","article-title":"Minimal tool set for a prokaryotic circadian clock","volume":"17","author":"NM Schmelling","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Evolutionary Biology"},{"issue":"16","key":"pntd.0008991.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3422","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti553","article-title":"ACT: the Artemis Comparison Tool","volume":"21","author":"TJ Carver","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008991.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58356-1","article-title":"Standardized phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analysis applied to species across the microbial tree of life","volume":"10","author":"M Shakya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"5812","key":"pntd.0008991.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/291238a0","article-title":"Aromatic-dependent Salmonella typhimurium are non-virulent and effective as live vaccines","volume":"291","author":"SK Hoiseth","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"W1","key":"pntd.0008991.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W256","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz239","article-title":"Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v4: recent updates and new developments","volume":"47","author":"I Letunic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0008991.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt291","article-title":"opm: an R package for analysing OmniLog(R) phenotype microarray data","volume":"29","author":"LA Vaas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1476-7","article-title":"Alteration of Zeta potential and membrane permeability in bacteria: a study with cationic agents","volume":"4","author":"S Halder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0008991.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2010.08147.x","article-title":"Clinical predictors of severe malarial anaemia in a holoendemic Plasmodium falciparum transmission area","volume":"149","author":"EM Novelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008991.ref069","first-page":"601","article-title":"Reference collection of strains of the Salmonella typhimurium complex from natural populations","volume":"137","author":"P Beltran","year":"1991","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"issue":"20","key":"pntd.0008991.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7753","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.20.7753","article-title":"Toward a population genetic analysis of Salmonella: genetic diversity and relationships among strains of serotypes S. choleraesuis, S. derby, S. dublin, S. enteritidis, S. heidelberg, S. infantis, S. newport, and S. typhimurium","volume":"85","author":"P Beltran","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0008991.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.64.5.679-699.1952","article-title":"Genetic Exchange in Salmonella","volume":"64","author":"ND Zinder","year":"1952","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0008991.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir1032","article-title":"High-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism analysis distinguishes recrudescence and reinfection in recurrent invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella typhimurium disease","volume":"54","author":"CK Okoro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008991.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3000059","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000059","article-title":"Adding function to the genome of African Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 strain D23580","volume":"17","author":"R Canals","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Biology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008991.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01172.x","article-title":"Molecular analysis of spv virulence genes of the Salmonella virulence plasmids","volume":"7","author":"PA Gulig","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008991.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0511-8","article-title":"Acquisition of the lac operon by Salmonella enterica","volume":"15","author":"SR Leonard","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008991.ref076","first-page":"329","article-title":"[Occurrence of plasmids and analysis of resistance in clinical strains of Escherichia coli]","volume":"37","author":"J Burian","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0008991.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3414","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.177.12.3414-3419.1995","article-title":"Characterization of MarR, the repressor of the multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) operon in Escherichia coli","volume":"177","author":"AS Seoane","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0008991.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(99)01589-9","article-title":"The mar regulon: multiple resistance to antibiotics and other toxic chemicals","volume":"7","author":"MN Alekshun","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0008991.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3644","article-title":"Distinct Salmonella Enteritidis lineages associated with enterocolitis in high-income settings and invasive disease in low-income settings","volume":"48","author":"NA Feasey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0008991.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00565","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00565-13","article-title":"Genome and transcriptome adaptation accompanying emergence of the definitive type 2 host-restricted Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium pathovar","volume":"4","author":"RA Kingsley","year":"2013","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"950","key":"pntd.0008991.ref081","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Mediated by the MacB ABC Transporter Family: A Structural and Functional Perspective","volume":"9","author":"NP Greene","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008991.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2016.0227","article-title":"Incidence and Genetic Bases of Nitrofurantoin Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Two Successful Multidrug-Resistant Clones of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium: Pandemic \"DT 104\" and pUO-StVR2","volume":"23","author":"V Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0008991.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6770","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.12.6770-6778.2002","article-title":"Identification and genetic characterization of PmrA-regulated genes and genes involved in polymyxin B resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium","volume":"70","author":"R Tamayo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0008991.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2007.05769.x","article-title":"Loss of ATP hydrolysis activity by CcmAB results in loss of c-type cytochrome synthesis and incomplete processing of CcmE","volume":"274","author":"O Christensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"The FEBS Journal"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00756","article-title":"Genetic Adaptation to Growth Under Laboratory Conditions in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica","volume":"9","author":"A Kn\u00f6ppel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0008991.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00986-14","article-title":"First Complete Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strain ATCC 13311 (NCTC 74), a Reference Strain of Multidrug Resistance, as Achieved by Use of PacBio Single-Molecule Real-Time Technology","volume":"2","author":"Y Terabayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Announc"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0008991.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.186501","article-title":"Phenotype microarrays for high-throughput phenotypic testing and assay of gene function","volume":"11","author":"BR Bochner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008991.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-66-23","article-title":"Amino acid substitutions in gyrA and parC associated with quinolone resistance in nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella isolates","volume":"66","author":"DH Bae","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ir Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008991.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0320(19990101)35:1<55::AID-CYTO8>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Accurate flow cytometric membrane potential measurement in bacteria using diethyloxacarbocyanine and a ratiometric technique","volume":"35","author":"D Novo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cytometry"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-019-0052-x","article-title":"Cetylpyridinium chloride produces increased zeta-potential on Salmonella Typhimurium cells, a mechanism of the pathogen's inactivation","volume":"3","author":"Y Yegin","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Sci Food"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0008991.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2008.11.005","article-title":"Outer Membrane Permeability and Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"1794","author":"AH Delcour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochimica et biophysica acta"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2016.04.002","article-title":"Mechanisms and consequences of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides","volume":"26","author":"DI Andersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Resist Updat"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008991.ref093","first-page":"291","article-title":"On the Use of Trypsinized Casein, Brom-Thymol-Blue, Brom-Cresol-Purple, Phenol-Red and Brilliant-Green for Bacteriological Nutrient Media","volume":"6","author":"M Kristensen","year":"1925","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008991.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-014-0720-7","article-title":"Loss of the lac operon contributes to Salmonella invasion of epithelial cells through derepression of flagellar synthesis","volume":"70","author":"L Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"pntd.0008991.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5307","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.19.5307-5316.2002","article-title":"Adaptation of sucrose metabolism in the Escherichia coli wild-type strain EC3132","volume":"184","author":"K Jahreis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008991.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1086\/603553","article-title":"Invasive non-Typhi Salmonella disease in Africa","volume":"49","author":"SC Morpeth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008991.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S80","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ782","article-title":"Validation and Identification of Invasive Salmonella Serotypes in Sub-Saharan Africa by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction","volume":"62","author":"HM Al-Emran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008991.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S310","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ674","article-title":"Emergence of Community-Acquired, Multidrug-Resistant Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Disease in Rural Western Kenya, 2009\u20132013","volume":"61","author":"M Oneko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008991.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S354","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ781","article-title":"Salmonella Infections in The Gambia, 2005\u20132015","volume":"61","author":"B Kwambana-Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0008991.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.3328","article-title":"Genomics of an emerging clone of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium ST313 from Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"7","author":"P Leekitcharoenphon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008991.ref101","first-page":"S251","article-title":"Mathematical Modeling to Assess the Drivers of the Recent Emergence of Typhoid Fever in Blantyre, Malawi","volume":"61","author":"BN Kreiswirth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0008991.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3281","article-title":"Phylogeographical analysis of the dominant multidrug-resistant H58 clade of Salmonella Typhi identifies inter- and intracontinental transmission events","volume":"47","author":"VK Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0008991.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007333","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007333","article-title":"Machine learning identifies signatures of host adaptation in the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica","volume":"14","author":"NE Wheeler","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Genetics"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0008991.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4579","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.10.4579-4587.1998","article-title":"Evolution of host adaptation in Salmonella enterica","volume":"66","author":"AJ Baumler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0008991.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.3.1221-1226.2000","article-title":"Diagnostic and public health dilemma of lactose-fermenting Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in cattle in the Northeastern United States","volume":"38","author":"PL McDonough","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00126","article-title":"Genome Dynamics of Escherichia coli during Antibiotic Treatment: Transfer, Loss, and Persistence of Genetic Elements In situ of the Infant Gut","volume":"7","author":"A Porse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0008991.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01852","article-title":"Persistence of a Multi-Drug Resistance Plasmid in situ of the Infant Gut Microbiota in the Absence of Antibiotic Treatment","volume":"8","author":"H Gumpert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfer andFront Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008991.ref108","first-page":"22","article-title":"Re-emergence of the susceptibility of the Salmonella spp. isolated from blood samples to conventional first line antibiotics. Antimicrobial Resistance &","volume":"5","author":"KL Shrestha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infection Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0008991.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw381","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptide exposure selects for Staphylococcus aureus resistance to human defence peptides","volume":"72","author":"JZ Kubicek-Sutherland","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0008991.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6139","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.11.6139-6146.2000","article-title":"Genetic and functional analysis of a PmrA-PmrB-regulated locus necessary for lipopolysaccharide modification, antimicrobial peptide resistance, and oral virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium","volume":"68","author":"JS Gunn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0008991.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2319","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and its cost: is it possible to reverse resistance?","volume":"8","author":"DI Andersson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0008991.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04729-14","article-title":"Clinically and microbiologically derived azithromycin susceptibility breakpoints for Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A","volume":"59","author":"CM Parry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0008991.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01233-09","article-title":"Short-term signatures of evolutionary change in the Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium 14028 genome","volume":"192","author":"T Jarvik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of bacteriology"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008991","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]],"date-time":"2021-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613001600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008991","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T20:24:10Z","timestamp":1613161450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008991"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Elsio","family":"Wunder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008991","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008991","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}}}