{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T09:03:34Z","timestamp":1753520614116,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology Directorate","award":["HSHQDC-15-C-00064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HSHQDC-15-C-00064"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous field and laboratory studies investigating airborne <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> have used a variety of different aerosol samplers to detect and quantify concentrations of the bacteria in aerosols. However, the performance of aerosol samplers can vary in their ability to preserve the viability of collected microorganisms, depending on the resistance of the organisms to impaction, desiccation, or other stresses associated with the sampling process. Consequently, sampler selection is critical to maximizing the probability of detecting viable microorganisms in collected air samples in field studies and for accurate determination of aerosol concentrations in laboratory studies. To inform such decisions, the present study assessed the performance of four laboratory aerosol samplers, specifically the all-glass impinger (AGI), gelatin filter, midget impinger, and Mercer cascade impactor, for collecting aerosols containing <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> generated from suspensions in two types of culture media. The results suggest that the relative performance of the sampling devices is dependent on the suspension medium utilized for aerosolization. Performance across the four samplers was similar for aerosols generated from suspensions supplemented with 4% glycerol. However, for aerosols generated from suspensions without glycerol, use of the filter sampler or an impactor resulted in significantly lower estimates of the viable aerosol concentration than those obtained with either the AGI or midget impinger. These results demonstrate that sampler selection has the potential to affect estimation of doses in inhalational animal models of melioidosis, as well as the likelihood of detection of viable <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> in the environment, and will be useful to inform design of future laboratory and field studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T18:30:42Z","timestamp":1612204242000},"page":"e0009001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of four sampling devices for Burkholderia pseudomallei laboratory aerosol studies"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0263-0423","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Schuit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4780-4861","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sierra","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2434-6797","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jill","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3181-6825","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul","family":"Dabisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009001.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006018","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006018","article-title":"Emergence of melioidosis in the Indian Ocean region: Two new cases and a literature review","volume":"11","author":"N Allou","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009001.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0148","article-title":"Economic burden of bacteremic melioidosis in eastern and northeastern, Thailand","volume":"89","author":"S Bhengsri","year":"2013","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009001.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16263","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.263","article-title":"Global and regional dissemination and evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"2","author":"C Chewapreecha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature microbiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009001.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/20009666.2017.1348875","article-title":"Melioidosis: the great mimicker","volume":"7","author":"M Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009001.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15008","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2015.8","article-title":"Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis","volume":"1","author":"D Limmathurotsakul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009001.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0515","article-title":"Presence of Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil and paddy rice water in a rice field in Northeast Thailand, but not in air and rainwater","volume":"97","author":"CE Ong","year":"2017","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009001.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003834","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003834","article-title":"Airborne transmission of melioidosis to humans from environmental aerosols contaminated with B. pseudomallei","volume":"9","author":"P-S Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0009001.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2111.141802","article-title":"Use of whole-genome sequencing to link Burkholderia pseudomallei from air sampling to mediastinal melioidosis, Australia","volume":"21","author":"BJ Currie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009001.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2877","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002877","article-title":"The concentrations of ambient Burkholderia pseudomallei during typhoon season in endemic area of melioidosis in Taiwan","volume":"8","author":"Y-L Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009001.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1586\/ers.10.42","article-title":"Defining routes of airborne transmission of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis","volume":"4","author":"IJ Clifton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert review of respiratory medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009001.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0496(199602)21:2<90::AID-PPUL5>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Distribution and transmission of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia in a hospital ward","volume":"21","author":"G D\u00f6ring","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatric pulmonology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0009001.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.49.11.1157","article-title":"Airborne dissemination of Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia from adult patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"49","author":"H Humphreys","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0009001.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.112466","article-title":"Cough-generated aerosols of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria from patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"64","author":"CE Wainwright","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009001.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2013.871501","article-title":"Comparative testing and evaluation of nine different air samplers: end-to-end sampling efficiencies as specific performance measurements for bioaerosol applications","volume":"48","author":"M Dybwad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aerosol Science and Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009001.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2009.00609.x","article-title":"Airborne influenza virus detection with four aerosol samplers using molecular and infectivity assays: considerations for a new infectious virus aerosol sampler","volume":"19","author":"P Fabian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indoor air"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009001.ref016","first-page":"287","article-title":"The efficiency of various liquid impinger samplers in bacterial aerosols","volume":"14","author":"K May","year":"1957","journal-title":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009001.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.62.7.2264-2272.1996","article-title":"Comparison of methods for detection and enumeration of airborne microorganisms collected by liquid impingement","volume":"62","author":"S Terzieva","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009001.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608255104","article-title":"Urban aerosols harbor diverse and dynamic bacterial populations","volume":"104","author":"EL Brodie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pntd.0009001.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2014.04.021","article-title":"Impact of sampler selection on the characterization of the indoor microbiome via high-throughput sequencing","volume":"80","author":"AJ Hoisington","year":"2014","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009001.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1039\/C1EM10753D","article-title":"Bacterial communities in urban aerosols collected with wetted-wall cyclonic samplers and seasonal fluctuations of live and culturable airborne bacteria","volume":"14","author":"SV Ravva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Monitoring"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009001.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0172627","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172627","article-title":"Characterization of pathogenesis of and immune response to Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243 using both inhalational and intraperitoneal infection models in BALB\/c and C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"12","author":"JJ Bearss","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009001.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2012.666682","article-title":"Comparison of the efficiency of sampling devices for aerosolized Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"24","author":"P Dabisch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inhalation toxicology"},{"key":"pntd.0009001.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01146","article-title":"Efficacy of post exposure administration of doxycycline in a murine model of inhalational melioidosis","volume":"3","author":"HC Gelhaus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009001.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2008.00619.x","article-title":"Experimental acute respiratory Burkholderia pseudomallei infection in BALB\/c mice","volume":"90","author":"MS Lever","year":"2009","journal-title":"International journal of experimental pathology"},{"key":"pntd.0009001.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4305","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04305","article-title":"Comparative Burkholderia pseudomallei natural history virulence studies using an aerosol murine model of infection","volume":"4","author":"S Massey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009001.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/iep.12161","article-title":"Characterization of lesion formation in marmosets following inhalational challenge with different strains of Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"96","author":"M Nelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"International journal of experimental pathology"},{"issue":"46","key":"pntd.0009001.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.08.058","article-title":"A naturally derived outer-membrane vesicle vaccine protects against lethal pulmonary Burkholderia pseudomallei infection","volume":"29","author":"W Nieves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009001.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-8518-8-2","article-title":"CpG oligodeoxyribonucleotides protect mice from Burkholderia pseudomallei but not Francisella tularensis Schu S4 aerosols","volume":"8","author":"DA Rozak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of immune based therapies and vaccines"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009001.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm527","article-title":"Pre-and post-exposure prophylaxis of experimental Burkholderia pseudomallei infection with doxycycline, amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid and co-trimoxazole","volume":"61","author":"SP Sivalingam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009001.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47596-0","article-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei aerosol infection results in differential inflammatory responses in BALB\/c and C57Bl\/6 mice","volume":"57","author":"G-YG Tan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of medical microbiology"},{"key":"pntd.0009001.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00101","article-title":"Particle-size dependent effects in the Balb\/c murine model of inhalational melioidosis","volume":"2","author":"R Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0009001.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3332","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00675-12","article-title":"Natural history of inhalation melioidosis in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops)","volume":"80","author":"JJ Yeager","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infection and immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009001.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.059063-0","article-title":"Pathological findings and diagnostic implications of a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) model of aerosol-exposure melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)","volume":"63","author":"SL Yingst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of medical microbiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009001.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76804","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076804","article-title":"Use of a safe, reproducible, and rapid aerosol delivery method to study infection by Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei in mice","volume":"8","author":"ER Lafontaine","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009001.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.1.584-587.2003","article-title":"Biodefense-driven murine model of pneumonic melioidosis","volume":"71","author":"J Jeddeloh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infection and immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009001.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.provac.2010.03.013","article-title":"Protective response to subunit vaccination against intranasal Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei challenge","volume":"2","author":"GC Whitlock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia in vaccinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009001.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00570-18","article-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei \u0394tonB \u0394hcp1 live attenuated vaccine strain elicits full protective immunity against aerosolized melioidosis infection","volume":"4","author":"N Khakhum","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009001.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14396","article-title":"Dose-dependant acute or subacute disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei strain NCTC 13392 in a BALB\/c aerosol model of infection","volume":"127","author":"SG Funnell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of applied microbiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0009001.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45661-0","article-title":"Role of quorum sensing in the pathogenicity of Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"53","author":"RL Ulrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of medical microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009001.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00724-17","article-title":"Development of subunit vaccines that provide high-level protection and sterilizing immunity against acute inhalational melioidosis","volume":"86","author":"MN Burtnick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infection and immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009001.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01146","article-title":"Efficacy of post exposure administration of doxycycline in a murine model of inhalational melioidosis","volume":"3","author":"HC Gelhaus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"key":"pntd.0009001.ref042","first-page":"48","author":"International Organization for Standardization","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anaesthetic and Respiratory Equipment\u2014Nebulizing Systems and Components (ISO Standard No. 27427)"},{"issue":"18","key":"pntd.0009001.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00823","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00823-17","article-title":"Aerobiological stabilities of different species of gram-negative bacteria, including well-known biothreat simulants, in single-cell particles and cell clusters of different compositions","volume":"83","author":"M Dybwad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009001.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2010.543196","article-title":"Investigation of the efficiencies of bioaerosol samplers for collecting aerosolized bacteria using a fluorescent tracer. I: Effects of non-sampling processes on bacterial culturability","volume":"45","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aerosol Science and Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009001.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.4.2021-2027.2004","article-title":"Size and UV germicidal irradiation susceptibility of Serratia marcescens when aerosolized from different suspending media","volume":"70","author":"KM Lai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009001.ref046","first-page":"32","article-title":"Survival of Marburg virus infectivity on contaminated surfaces and in aerosols","volume":"41","author":"E Belanov","year":"1996","journal-title":"Voprosy virusologii"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009001.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268804002663","article-title":"Preliminary report on the northern Australian melioidosis environmental surveillance project","volume":"132","author":"T Inglis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology & Infection"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0009001.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6865","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01036-06","article-title":"Environmental factors that affect the survival and persistence of Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"72","author":"TJ Inglis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009001.ref049","first-page":"93","article-title":"The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria","volume":"43","author":"JD Oliver","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009001.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(96)00019-5","article-title":"Effect of aerosolisation, growth phase and residence time in spray and collection fluids on the culturability of cells and spores","volume":"27","author":"W Griffiths","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Aerosol Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009001.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1080\/027868299304705","article-title":"Evaluation of microbial samplers for bacterial microorganisms","volume":"30","author":"C-S Li","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aerosol Science and Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009001.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829808965542","article-title":"The effect of sampling time and flow rates on the bioefficiency of three fungal spore sampling methods","volume":"28","author":"W-H Lin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aerosol Science and Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009001.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(00)00108-7","article-title":"Effect of sampling time and air humidity on the bioefficiency of filter samplers for bioaerosol collection","volume":"32","author":"Z Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Aerosol Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009001.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1128\/AM.5.2.119-124.1957","article-title":"The critical-orifice liquid impinger as a sampler for bacterial aerosols","volume":"5","author":"W Cown","year":"1957","journal-title":"Applied microbiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009001.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(88)90064-X","article-title":"Collection efficiency of liquid samplers for microbiological aerosols","volume":"19","author":"EW Henningson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Aerosol Science"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T18:31:12Z","timestamp":1612204272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009001"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nicholas P.","family":"Day","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1935-2735"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}}}