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However, the cost of generating genomic data and the challenges associated with obtaining sufficient DNA from individual schistosome larvae (miracidia) from mammalian hosts have limited the application of genomic data for studying schistosomes and other complex macroparasites. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing whole genome amplification and sequencing (WGS) to analyze individual archival miracidia. As an example, we sequenced whole genomes of 22 miracidia from 11 human hosts representing two villages in rural Sichuan, China, and used these data to evaluate patterns of relatedness and genetic diversity. We also down-sampled our dataset to test how lower coverage sequencing could increase the cost effectiveness of WGS while maintaining power to accurately infer relatedness. Collectively, our results illustrate that population-level WGS datasets are attainable for individual miracidia and represent a powerful tool for ultimately providing insight into overall genetic diversity, parasite relatedness, and transmission patterns for better design and evaluation of disease control efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T21:25:13Z","timestamp":1609968313000},"page":"e0009020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Patterns of relatedness and genetic diversity inferred from whole genome sequencing of archival blood fluke miracidia (Schistosoma japonicum)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zachary L.","family":"Nikolakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0405-6944","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicole R.","family":"Hales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blair W.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drew R.","family":"Schield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7285-0261","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura E.","family":"Timm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3725-5459","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katerina J.","family":"Kechris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8664-9606","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Carlton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7627-4214","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David D.","family":"Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5912-1574","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Todd A.","family":"Castoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009020.ref001","volume-title":"Accelerating work to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases\u2013A roadmap for implementation.","author":"WHO","year":"2012"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009020.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.201","article-title":"Collaborative effort targets 17 tropical diseases for control, elimination","volume":"307","author":"T Hampton","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9674","key":"pntd.0009020.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60233-6","article-title":"Rescuing the bottom billion through control of neglected tropical diseases","volume":"373","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"10066","key":"pntd.0009020.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30171-4","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases: progress towards addressing the chronic pandemic","volume":"389","author":"DH Molyneux","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009020.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04181.x","article-title":"Parasite genetic differentiation by habitat type and host species: molecular epidemiology of Schistosoma japonicum in hilly and marshland areas of Anhui Province","volume":"18","author":"JW Rudge","year":"2009","journal-title":"China. 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