{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T04:37:19Z","timestamp":1789879039306,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009093","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000}}],"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007224","name":"National Foundation for Science and Technology Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106.05-2018.17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106.05-2018.17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007224","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two thiarid snail species,<jats:italic>Melanoides tuberculata<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Tarebia granifera<\/jats:italic>have been reported as first intermediate hosts of the liver fluke<jats:italic>Clonorchis sinensis<\/jats:italic>; however, their role as true first intermediate hosts has not been verified. Thus, the present study aimed to clarify the suitability of these two snail species as first intermediate hosts of<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>sinensis<\/jats:italic>. This was accomplished by collecting snails from a highly endemic area for<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>sinensis<\/jats:italic>in Vietnam, the Thac Ba reservoir, and identifying shed cercariae using molecular techniques. We also conducted experimental infections of five snail species including<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>tuberculata<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>granifera<\/jats:italic>with eggs of<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>sinensis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 11,985 snails, representing 10 species were sampled. Five snail species,<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>tuberculata<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>granifera<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Lymnaea swinhoei<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Parafossarulus manchouricus<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Bithynia fuchsiana<\/jats:italic>were found shedding cercariae with an overall prevalence of infection ranging from 0.7% to 11.5%. Seven cercarial types were recorded. Cercariae of<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>sinensis<\/jats:italic>were only found in<jats:italic>Parafossarulus manchouricus<\/jats:italic>. Using a multiplex PCR approach for detecting<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>sinensis<\/jats:italic>infection, the prevalence in<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>manchouricus<\/jats:italic>was 4.2%. Additionally, all five snail species were experimentally exposed to<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>sinensis<\/jats:italic>eggs, however only<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>manchouricus<\/jats:italic>was successfully infected with an infection rate of 7.87%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>We confirmed that in the Thac Ba reservoir, Vietnam, the two thiarids,<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>tuberculata<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>granifera<\/jats:italic>are not suitable first intermediate hosts of<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>sinensis<\/jats:italic>. Only<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>manchouricus<\/jats:italic>was found infected by<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>sinensis<\/jats:italic>in nature, and was the only species that became infected experimentally.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T18:58:45Z","timestamp":1611601125000},"page":"e0009093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Are Melanoides tuberculata and Tarebia granifera (Gastropoda, Thiaridae), suitable first intermediate hosts of Clonorchis sinensis in Vietnam?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5741-419X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hung Manh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hien Hoang","family":"Van","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5684-1592","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Loan Thi","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0114-9088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yulia V.","family":"Tatonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0612-3437","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Henry","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009093.ref001","first-page":"145","article-title":"Human liver flukes: a review","volume":"57","author":"S Mas-Coma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Research and Reviews in Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009093.ref002","first-page":"231","article-title":"Global status of fish-borne zoonotic trematodiasis in humans.","volume":"58","author":"MH Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica"},{"key":"pntd.0009093.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(94)90111-2","article-title":"Food-borne Trematodes: Ignored or Emerging?","volume":"10","author":"HJ Rim","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitology Today"},{"key":"pntd.0009093.ref004","first-page":"740","article-title":"Trematode infections exclusive of Schistosomiasis. 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