{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:22:23Z","timestamp":1792099343024,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous leishmaniasis has been endemic since decades. Millions of cases are reported worldwide specially in developing and underdeveloped countries. There are 2 major types of cutaneous leishmaniasis based on the causating species found in different regions of the world. These include New and Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis, which are self-healing, but if not treated, these may cause severe scars and many other complications like mucosal involvement. The conventional gold standard treatment for both types is mainly intralesional or parenteral administration of antimonial. Lately, a great deal of research has been done on development of topical treatment based on single agent or combination therapy. This review summarizes the current state of literature regarding therapeutic outcome of topical treatment against cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by different species in different regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T18:23:20Z","timestamp":1614795800000},"page":"e0009099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Therapeutic advances in the topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: A review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2479-7726","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marium","family":"Azim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5606-2719","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saeed Ahmad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1084-5029","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saleem","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8615-5561","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shafiq","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4700-7288","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Syed Ishtiaq","family":"Anjum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009099.ref001","author":"World Health Organization P."},{"key":"pntd.0009099.ref002","volume-title":"Division of Control of Tropical D, Unaids. Leishmania and HIV in gridlock","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1998"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009099.ref003","first-page":"e57","article-title":"Treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis with miltefosine, an oral agent","volume":"33","author":"J Soto","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009099.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2015.03.018","article-title":"New World and Old World Leishmania Infections: A Practical Review","volume":"33","author":"I Kevric","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0009099.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2012.701204","article-title":"Drug delivery systems for the topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"G Carneiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"issue":"9496","key":"pntd.0009099.ref006","first-page":"1561","article-title":"Advances in leishmaniasis","volume":"366","author":"HW Murray","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009099.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00506-10","article-title":"Differential effects of paromomycin on ribosomes of Leishmania mexicana and mammalian cells","volume":"55","author":"MM Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"pntd.0009099.ref008","unstructured":"Paromomycin [Internet]. 2020 [cited 05\/04\/2020]. Available from: https:\/\/reference.medscape.com\/drug\/humatin-paromomycin-342665#10."},{"issue":"6497","key":"pntd.0009099.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.291.6497.704","article-title":"Topical treatment of recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis with ointment containing paromomycin and methylbenzethonium chloride","volume":"291","author":"J El-On","year":"1985","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6504","key":"pntd.0009099.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.291.6504.1280-b","article-title":"Weinrauch LJ. Topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"291","author":"J El-On","year":"1985","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009099.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12696697","article-title":"Topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"87","author":"J El-On","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009099.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(87)80033-6","article-title":"Leishmania aethiopica: topical treatment with paromomycin and methylbenzethonium chloride ointment","volume":"16","author":"L Weinrauch","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"pntd.0009099.ref013","first-page":"353","article-title":"Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with aminosidine(paromomycin) ointment: double-blind, randomized trial in the Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"81","author":"A Asilian","year":"2003"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009099.ref014","first-page":"844","article-title":"Topical 15% paromomycin-aquaphilic for bolivian Leishmania braziliensis cutaneous leishmaniasis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"J Soto","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009099.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1086\/314782","article-title":"Treatment of experimental leishmaniasis with the immunomodulators imiquimod and S-28463: efficacy and mode of action","volume":"179","author":"S. Buates","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009099.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.107809","article-title":"Imiquimod: an immune response modifier","volume":"43","author":"MVJ Dahl","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009099.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.6.751","article-title":"Imiquimod and resiquimod as novel immunomodulators","volume":"48","author":"D Dockrell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009099.ref018","first-page":"189","article-title":"Topical immunomodulators\u2014progress towards treating inflammation, infection, and cancer.","volume":"1","author":"U Hengge","year":"2001"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0009099.ref019","first-page":"1847","article-title":"Successful treatment of drug-resistant cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans by use of imiquimod, an immunomodulator","volume":"33","author":"I Arevalo","year":"2001"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009099.ref020","first-page":"1549","article-title":"Role of imiquimod and parenteral meglumine antimoniate in the initial treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"44","author":"I Arevalo","year":"2007"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009099.ref021","first-page":"e491","article-title":"First-line therapy for human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru using the TLR7 agonist imiquimod in combination with pentavalent antimony","volume":"3","author":"C Miranda-Verastegui","year":"2009"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009099.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1086\/429238","article-title":"Matlashewski G. Randomized, double-blind clinical trial of topical imiquimod 5% with parenteral meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru","volume":"40","author":"C Miranda-Ver\u00e1stegui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009099.ref023","first-page":"45","article-title":"Immunotherapy with Imiquimod increases the efficacy of Glucantime therapy of Leishmania major infection","volume":"8","author":"G Khalili","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran J Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009099.ref024","first-page":"1575","article-title":"Imiquimod in combination with meglumine antimoniate for cutaneous leishmaniasis: a randomized assessor-blind controlled trial","volume":"142","author":"A Firooz","year":"2006"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009099.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2003.01955.x","article-title":"Transient effect of topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with imiquimod","volume":"42","author":"J Seeberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"pntd.0009099.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656523","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/656523","article-title":"Efficacy of Topical Liposomal Amphotericin B versus Intralesional Meglumine Antimoniate(Glucantime) in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"2011","author":"P Layegh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009099.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2019.1659243","article-title":"Recent advances in amphotericin B delivery strategies for the treatment of leishmaniases","volume":"16","author":"JS Lanza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009099.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.12.3092","article-title":"Efficacious topical treatment for murine cutaneous leishmaniasis with ethanolic formulations of amphotericin B","volume":"42","author":"S Frankenburg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"pntd.0009099.ref029","first-page":"856","article-title":"Topical amphotericin B for cutaneous leishmanisis","author":"YB DVardy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009099.ref030","first-page":"e0006653","article-title":"A phase II study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical 3% amphotericin B cream(Anfoleish) for the treatment of uncomplicated cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia","volume":"12","author":"L L\u00f3pez","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009099.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(92)70175-F","article-title":"Topical treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major: a double-blind control study","volume":"27","author":"J El-On","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009099.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.1997.00022.x","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial of topical paromomycin versus oral ketoconazole for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis in Turkey","volume":"36","author":"O. Ozgoztasi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009099.ref033","first-page":"634","article-title":"Comparison between the efficacy of photodynamic therapy and topical paromomycin in the treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial","volume":"31","author":"A Asilian","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009099.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90517-7","article-title":"Topical treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis with paramomycin and methylbenzethonium chloride: a clinical study under field conditions in Ecuador","volume":"88","author":"G. Krause","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009099.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.1.47","article-title":"Berman J. Successful treatment of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis with a combination of topical paromomycin\/methylbenzethonium chloride and injectable meglumine antimonate","volume":"20","author":"J Soto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009099.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1086\/516267","article-title":"Topical paromomycin\/methylbenzethonium chloride plus parenteral meglumine antimonate as treatment for American cutaneous leishmaniasis: controlled study","volume":"26","author":"J Soto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009099.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.466","article-title":"Randomized, controlled, double-blind trial of topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with paromomycin plus methylbenzethonium chloride ointment in Guatemala","volume":"65","author":"BA Arana","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009099.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.648","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a two-week regimen of aminosidine(paromomycin) ointment for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran","volume":"53","author":"A Asilian","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009099.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2003.01169.x","article-title":"Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with either topical paromomycin or intralesional meglumine antimoniate","volume":"28","author":"G Faghihi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009099.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1179\/136485905X16372","article-title":"Efficacy of paromomycin ointment in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis: results of a double-blind, randomized trial in Isfahan, Iran","volume":"99","author":"F. Iraji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009099.ref041","first-page":"85","article-title":"Comparison of topical paromomycin sulfate(twice\/day) with intralesional meglumine antimoniate for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L major","volume":"15","author":"B. Shazad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009099.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90290-X","article-title":"Non-ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras fails to respond to topical paromomycin","volume":"91","author":"FA Neva","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009099.ref043","first-page":"424","article-title":"Human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ecuador: identification of parasites by enzyme electrophoresis","volume":"42","author":"RX Armijos","year":"1990"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009099.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.03.009","article-title":"Comparison of the effectiveness of two topical paromomycin treatments versus meglumine antimoniate for New World cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"91","author":"RX Armijos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009099.ref045","first-page":"e432","article-title":"WR279, 396, a third generation aminoglycoside ointment for the treatment of Leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis: a phase 2, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study","volume":"3","author":"AB Salah","year":"2009"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009099.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1202657","article-title":"Topical paromomycin with or without gentamicin for cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"368","author":"A Ben Salah","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009099.ref047","first-page":"147","article-title":"Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with a topical antileishmanial drug(WR279396): phase 2 pilot study","volume":"66","author":"JM Soto","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009099.ref048","first-page":"557","article-title":"Randomized, double-blinded, phase 2 trial of WR 279,396(paromomycin and gentamicin) for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Panama","volume":"89","author":"N Sosa","year":"2013"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009099.ref049","first-page":"e0007253","article-title":"Topical paromomycin for New World cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"13","author":"N Sosa","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009099.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2749","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002749","article-title":"Parasite load decrease during application of a safe and easily applied antileishmanial aminoglycoside cream","volume":"8","author":"AB Salah","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"pntd.0009099.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000049003","article-title":"Novel anti-malarial hydroxynaphthoquinones with potent broad spectrum anti-protozoal activity","volume":"90","author":"AT Hudson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009099.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/30.6.827","article-title":"The activity of hydroxynaphthoquinones against Leishmania donovani","volume":"30","author":"SL Croft","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009099.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1021\/jm030868a","article-title":"Synthesis, in vitro evaluation, and antileishmanial activity of water-soluble prodrugs of buparvaquone","volume":"47","author":"A Mantyla","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009099.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1211\/jpp.59.1.0006","article-title":"Topical buparvaquone formulations for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"59","author":"T Garnier","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009099.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm303","article-title":"In vivo studies on the antileishmanial activity of buparvaquone and its prodrugs","volume":"60","author":"T Garnier","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"pntd.0009099.ref056","first-page":"2017","article-title":"Buparvaquone nanostructured lipid carrier: development of an affordable delivery system for the treatment of leishmaniases","author":"LM Monteiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"pntd.0009099.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.06.006","article-title":"Co-delivery of buparvaquone and polymyxin B in a nanostructured lipid carrier for leishmaniasis treatment","volume":"18","author":"LM Monteiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009099.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.8.1630","article-title":"Hexadecylphosphocholine: oral treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in mice","volume":"36","author":"A Kuhlencord","year":"1992","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009099.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.4.2.177","article-title":"Miltefosine: oral treatment of leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"J. Soto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pntd.0009099.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.06.006","article-title":"Interaction of miltefosine with intercellular membranes of stratum corneum and biomimetic lipid vesicles","volume":"434","author":"L Alonso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009099.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12548","article-title":"Topical formulations of miltefosine for cutaneous leishmaniasis in a BALB\/c mouse model","volume":"68","author":"K Van Bocxlaer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009099.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90192-X","article-title":"Topical treatment with hexadecylphosphocholine efficiently reduces parasite burden in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"93","author":"R Schmidt-Ott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009099.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz049","article-title":"Anti-leishmanial activity of a topical miltefosine gel in experimental models of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"74","author":"LF Neira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009099.ref064","article-title":"Nanoliposomal miltefosine for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major(MRHO\/IR\/75\/ER): The drug preparation and in vitro study","volume":"5","author":"HR Najafian","year":"2016"},{"key":"pntd.0009099.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.05.018","article-title":"Development of topical liposomes containing miltefosine for the treatment of Leishmania major infection in susceptible BALB\/c mice","volume":"196","author":"Z Kavian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009099.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.04.027","article-title":"Topical morphine for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"70","author":"R. Alavi-Naini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009099.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24402","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.24402","article-title":"Effect of Topical Morphine on Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in an Animal Model: A Preliminary Report","volume":"18","author":"F Ghaffarpasand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009099.ref068","article-title":"Effect of polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) containing artemether in treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major in BALB\/c mice","volume":"7","author":"P Ebrahimisadr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009099.ref069","first-page":"903","article-title":"In-vitro evaluation of antileishmanial activity and toxicity of artemether with focus on its apoptotic effect","volume":"12","author":"P Ebrahimisadr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009099.ref070","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo studies of anti leishmanial effect of artemether on Leishmania infantum","volume":"6","author":"NM Dehkordi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009099.ref071","first-page":"1595","article-title":"Sodium stibogluconate loaded nano-deformable liposomes for topical treatment of leishmaniasis: macrophage as a target cell","volume":"25","author":"MJ Dar","year":"2018"},{"issue":"118","key":"pntd.0009099.ref072","article-title":"Topical Fluconazole Combined with Local Glucantime Injection Compared with Local Glucantime Injections in Treatment of Leishmaniasis","volume":"28","author":"MA Nilforooshzadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Majallahi Danishkadahi Pizishkii Isfahan"},{"key":"pntd.0009099.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105256","article-title":"Nano-elastic liposomes as multidrug carrier of sodium stibogluconate and ketoconazole: A potential new approach for the topical treatment of cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"145","author":"MJ Dar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009099","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T18:24:23Z","timestamp":1614795863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009099"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Claudia Ida","family":"Brodskyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009099","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]}}}