{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:51:51Z","timestamp":1792788711289,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009115","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000}}],"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010081","name":"Conseil R\u00e9gional de La R\u00e9union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["234277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["234277"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010081","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Regional Council of la R\u00e9union","award":["GURDTI 2017-1198-0002583, N\u00b0 Synergie RE0002583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GURDTI 2017-1198-0002583, N\u00b0 Synergie RE0002583"]}]},{"name":"Regional Council of la R\u00e9union","award":["GURDTI 2017-1198-0002583, N\u00b0 Synergie RE0002583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GURDTI 2017-1198-0002583, N\u00b0 Synergie RE0002583"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Patients following infection by chikungunya virus (CHIKV) can suffer for months to years from arthralgia and arthritis. Interestingly, methotrexate (MTX) a major immune-regulatory drug has proved to be of clinical benefit. We have previously shown that CHIKV can persist in the joint of one patient 18 months post-infection and plausibly driving chronic joint inflammation but through ill-characterized mechanisms. We have pursued our investigations and report novel histological and\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    data arguing for a plausible role of a COX-2-mediated inflammatory response post-CHIKV. In the joint, we found a robust COX-2 staining on endothelial cells, synovial fibroblasts and more prominently on multinucleated giant cells identified as CD11c+ osteoclasts known to be involved in bone destruction. The joint tissue was also strongly stained for CD3, CD8, CD45, CD14, CD68, CD31, CD34, MMP2, and VEGF (but not for NO synthase and two B cell markers). Dendritic cells were rarely detected. Primary human synovial fibroblasts were infected with CHIKV or stimulated either by the synthetic molecule polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (PIC) to mimic chronic viral infection or cytokines. First, we found that PIC and CHIKV enhanced mRNA expression of COX-2. We further found that PIC but not CHIKV increased the mRNA levels of cPLA2\u03b1 and of mPGES-1, two other central enzymes in PGE2 production. IFN\u03b2 upregulated cPLA2\u03b1 and COX-2 transcription levels but failed to modulated mPGES-1 mRNA expression. Moreover, PIC, CHIKV and IFN\u03b2 decreased mRNA expression of the PGE2 degrading enzyme 15-PGDH. Interestingly, MTX failed to control the expression of all these enzymes. In sharp contrast, dexamethasone was able to control the capacity of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1\u03b2 as well as TNF\u03b1, to stimulate mRNA levels of cPLA2\u03b1, COX-2 and mPGES-1. These original data argue for a concerted action of CHIKV (including viral RNA) and cytokines plausibly released from recruited leukocytes to drive a major COX-2-mediated PGE2 proinflammatory responses to induce viral arthritis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T16:01:54Z","timestamp":1613577714000},"page":"e0009115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Robust COX-2-mediated prostaglandin response may drive arthralgia and bone destruction in patients with chronic inflammation 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