{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:57:03Z","timestamp":1787021823265,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009137","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615248000000}}],"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia-FAPESB","award":["N\u00b0SUS0036\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u00b0SUS0036\/2013"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia-FAPESB","award":["PET0024\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PET0024\/2013"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["402670\/2012-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402670\/2012-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["400898\/2013-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["400898\/2013-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006675","name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Doen\u00e7as Tropicais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006675","name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Doen\u00e7as Tropicais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010670","name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Imunologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010670","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Reports have shown correlations between the immune response to vector saliva and Leishmaniasis outcome. We followed dogs in an endemic area for two years characterizing resistance or susceptibility to canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) according to\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      diagnosis and clinical development criteria. Then, we aimed to identify a biosignature based on parasite load, serum biological mediators\u2019 interactions, and vector exposure intensity associated with CVL resistance and susceptibility.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A prospective two-year study was conducted in an area endemic for CVL. Dogs were evaluated at 6-month intervals to determine infection, clinical manifestations, immune profile, and sandfly exposure. CVL resistance or susceptibility was determined upon the conclusion of the study. After two years, 78% of the dogs were infected with\n                      <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      (53% susceptible and 47% resistant to CVL). Susceptible dogs presented higher splenic parasite load as well as persistence of the parasite during the follow-up, compared to resistant ones. Susceptible dogs also displayed a higher number of correlations among the investigated biological mediators, before and after infection diagnosis. At baseline, anti-saliva antibodies, indicative of exposure to the vector, were detected in 62% of the dogs, reaching 100% in one year. Higher sandfly exposure increased the risk of susceptibility to CVL by 1.6 times (CI: 1.11\u20132.41). We identified a discriminatory biosignature between the resistant and susceptible dogs assessing splenic parasite load, interaction of biological mediators, PGE\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      serum levels and intensity of exposure to sandfly. All these parameters were elevated in susceptible dogs compared to resistant animals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The biosignature identified in our study reinforces the idea that CVL is a complex multifactorial disease that is affected by a set of factors which are correlated and, for a better understanding of CVL, should not be evaluated in an isolated way.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T13:36:45Z","timestamp":1614001005000},"page":"e0009137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Immune response dynamics and Lutzomyia longipalpis exposure characterize a biosignature of visceral leishmaniasis susceptibility in a canine cohort"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Manuela da Silva","family":"Solc\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9116-135X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maiara Reis","family":"Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0763-1361","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bruna Martins Macedo","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6575-8208","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tiago Feitosa","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam Flores","family":"Rebou\u00e7as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0166-9948","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matheus Silva","family":"de Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1112-2332","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leila Denise Alves Ferreira","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2775-5409","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Val\u00e9ria Matos","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5589-9450","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jesus","family":"Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4304-636X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shaden","family":"Kamhawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia Sampaio Tavares","family":"Veras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4788-0319","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deborah Bittencourt Moth\u00e9","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3367-5365","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudia Ida","family":"Brodskyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/273595a0","article-title":"Epidemiology and ecology of leishmaniasis in Latin-America","volume":"273","author":"R Lainson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(99)00046-2","article-title":"The biology and control of phlebotomine sand flies","volume":"17","author":"R. Killick-Kendrick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref003","article-title":"PAHO\/WHO | Leishmaniases: Epidemiological Report of the Americas.","author":"WHO","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leishmaniasis Rep."},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3344436","article-title":"Salivary gland lysates from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis enhance Leishmania infectivity","volume":"239","author":"RG Titus","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003003329","article-title":"Anti-complement activity in the saliva of phlebotomine sand flies and other haematophagous insects","author":"RR Cavalcante","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19300","article-title":"SALO, a novel classical pathway complement inhibitor from saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis","volume":"6","author":"VP Ferreira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.07.028","article-title":"What\u2019s behind a sand fly bite? The profound effect of sand fly saliva on host hemostasis, inflammation and immunity","volume":"28","author":"M Abdeladhim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2781","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002781","article-title":"Characterization of the early inflammatory infiltrate at the feeding site of infected sand flies in mice protected from vector-transmitted Leishmania major by exposure to uninfected bites.","volume":"8","author":"C Teixeira","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)01331-9","article-title":"The biological and immunomodulatory properties of sand fly saliva and its role in the establishment of Leishmania infections","volume":"2","author":"S. Kamhawi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.205","article-title":"Immunity to sand fly salivary protein LJM11 modulates host response to vector-transmitted Leishmania conferring ulcer-free protection","volume":"132","author":"R Gomes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e712","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000712","article-title":"Immunity to Lutzomyia intermedia saliva modulates the inflammatory environment induced by Leishmania braziliensis","volume":"4","author":"TR de Moura","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32619","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32619","article-title":"Circulating Biomarkers of Immune Activation, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Characterize Severe Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis.","volume":"6","author":"MSS Solc\u00e0","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003855","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003855","article-title":"Canine antibodies against salivary recombinant proteins of Phlebotomus perniciosus: A longitudinal study in an endemic focus of canine Leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"T Kostalova","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2587-5","article-title":"Antibody response to sand fly saliva is a marker of transmission intensity but not disease progression in dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum.","volume":"11","author":"RJ Quinnell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref015","article-title":"Biomarkers Associated with Leishmania infantum Exposure, Infection, and Disease in Dogs.","author":"C Maia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref016","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis biomarkers and their employment in vaccines","author":"RC Giunchetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2011.03.001","article-title":"Cytokine gene expression in the tissues of dogs infected by Leishmania infantum","volume":"145","author":"MA Barbosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref018","article-title":"Immunity to Leishmania and the rational search for vaccines against canine leishmaniasis","author":"AB Reis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2004.11.010","article-title":"Can spleen aspirations be safely used for the parasitological diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniosis? A study on assymptomatic and polysymptomatic animals.","volume":"171","author":"SM Barrouin-Melo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref020","first-page":"246","article-title":"A ready-to-use duplex qPCR to detect Leishmania infantum DNA in naturally infected dogs","author":"Solc\u00e0 MDS Rampazzo RDCP","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref021","unstructured":"Brasil. Manual de Vigil\u00e2ncia e Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral. Epidemiol\u00f3gica D de V, editor. Bras\u00edlia: Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade e Secretaria de Vigil\u00e2ncia em Sa\u00fade; 2014."},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braga M do SC de O, Andr\u00e9 MR, Freschi CR, Teixeira MCA, Machado RZ. Molecular and serological detection of Ehrlichia spp. in cats on S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds Island, Maranh\u00e3o, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2012. doi: 10.1590\/s1984-29612012000100008","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612012000100008"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref023","article-title":"Rangelia vitalii, Babesia spp. E Ehrlichia spp. em c\u00e3es de Passo Fundo, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.","author":"J Gottlieb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet."},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu455","article-title":"Arginase I, polyamine, and prostaglandin E2 pathways suppress the inflammatory response and contribute to diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"211","author":"J Franca-Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e649","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000649","article-title":"Using recombinant proteins from Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva to estimate human vector exposure in visceral Leishmaniasis endemic areas","volume":"4","author":"AP Souza","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0820","article-title":"Chronic Chagas disease diagnosis: A comparative performance of commercial enzyme immunoassay tests","volume":"94","author":"FLN Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref027","article-title":"nparLD: An R Software Package for the Nonparametric Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Factorial Experiments.","author":"K Noguchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Stat Softw."},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref028","author":"E Brunner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nonparametric Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Factorial Experiments"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: A software Environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks","volume":"13","author":"P Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data","volume":"33","author":"JR Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref031","article-title":"Systemic and compartmentalized immune response in canine visceral leishmaniasis","author":"AB Reis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref032","article-title":"Immunology of canine leishmaniasis","author":"CL Barbi\u00e9ri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasite Immunology"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref033","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: Immunology and prospects for a vaccine","author":"PM Kaye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref034","article-title":"Higher expression of CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CCL21, and CXCL8 chemokines in the skin associated with parasite density in canine visceral leishmaniasis.","author":"D Menezes-Souza","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref035","article-title":"Challenges in biomarker discovery: Combining expert insights with statistical analysis of complex omics data.","author":"JE McDermott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Medical Diagnostics"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref036","article-title":"Mycobacterial Antigen Driven Activation of CD14++CD16\u2212 Monocytes Is a Predictor of Tuberculosis-Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome.","author":"BB Andrade","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref037","article-title":"Severe clinical presentation of visceral leishmaniasis in naturally infected dogs with disruption of the splenic white pulp.","author":"IS Lima","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2627","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002627","article-title":"Repeated Exposure to Lutzomyia intermedia Sand Fly Saliva Induces Local Expression of Interferon-Inducible Genes Both at the Site of Injection in Mice and in Human Blood.","volume":"1","author":"T Weinkopff","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089412","article-title":"Protein malnutrition impairs the immune response and influences the severity of infection in a hamster model of chronic visceral leishmaniasis.","volume":"9","author":"E Carrillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref040","article-title":"Regulation of Immune Responses by Prostaglandin E 2","author":"P. Kalinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0601-8","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2\/leukotriene B4 balance induced by Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva favors Leishmania infantum infection.","volume":"7","author":"T Araujo-Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400399","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 negatively regulates the production of inflammatory cytokines\/chemokines and IL-17 in visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"193","author":"A Saha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref043","article-title":"Eicosanoid and Specialized Proresolving Mediator Regulation of Lymphoid Cells","author":"J Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Biochemical Sciences"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref044","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of the PGE2 pathway modulates macrophage phenotype in normal and pathologic wound repair.","author":"FM Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI insight."},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref045","article-title":"PGE2 ameliorated viral myocarditis development and promoted IL-10-producing regulatory B cell expansion via MAPKs\/AKT-AP1 axis or AhR signaling","author":"R Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu158","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms controlling Leishmania amazonensis infection in vitro: the role of LTB4 derived from human neutrophils","volume":"210","author":"NM Tavares","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref047","article-title":"Mice with a Selective Impairment of IFN-\u03b3 Signaling in Macrophage Lineage Cells Demonstrate the Critical Role of IFN-\u03b3\u2013Activated Macrophages for the Control of Protozoan Parasitic Infections In Vivo","author":"JE Lykens","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref048","article-title":"Comorbid infections induce progression of visceral leishmaniasis.","author":"AJ Toepp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3123-y","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of canine antibody response to Phlebotomus perniciosus saliva in an endemic area of Leishmania infantum.","volume":"11","author":"R Velez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0214","article-title":"Kinetics of canine antibody response to saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis.","volume":"8","author":"J Hostomska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref051","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Disseminated Leishmania infantum infection in two sibling foxhounds due to possible vertical transmission.","volume":"49","author":"KN Gibson-Corley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref052","article-title":"Murine visceral leishmaniasis: IgM and polyclonal B-cell activation lead to disease exacerbation","author":"E Deak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref053","first-page":"1","article-title":"The contribution of immune evasive mechanisms to parasite persistence in visceral Leishmaniasis","author":"EO de Freitas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw022","article-title":"New Insights Into the Transmissibility of Leishmania infantum From Dogs to Sand Flies: Experimental Vector-Transmission Reveals Persistent Parasite Depots at Bite Sites","volume":"213","author":"H Aslan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref055","article-title":"The gut microbiome of the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis is essential for survival of Leishmania infantum","author":"PH Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.09.058","article-title":"Exosome Secretion by the Parasitic Protozoan Leishmania within the Sand Fly Midgut","volume":"13","author":"VD Atayde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref057","article-title":"Proteophosophoglycans regurgitated by Leishmania-infected sand flies target the L-arginine metabolism of host macrophages to promote parasite survival","author":"M Rogers","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref058","article-title":"Gut Microbes Egested during Bites of Infected Sand Flies Augment Severity of Leishmaniasis via Inflammasome-Derived IL-1\u03b2.","author":"R Dey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref059","article-title":"Animal models for vaccine studies for visceral leishmaniasis","author":"R Garg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"pntd.0009137.ref060","article-title":"Biomarkers for Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in Latin America.","author":"CI Brodskyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009137","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615248000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009137","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T13:37:34Z","timestamp":1615297054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009137"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009137","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]}}}