{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T18:05:00Z","timestamp":1768586700956,"version":"3.49.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009142","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614816000000}}],"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GNT1127297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1127297"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia"},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia"},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia"},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001030","name":"National Heart Foundation of Australia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008717","name":"Viertel Charitable Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008717","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Clinical Lectureship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pacific Island countries have a high burden of scabies and impetigo. Understanding of the epidemiology of these diseases is needed to target public health interventions such as mass drug administration (MDA). The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of scabies and impetigo in Solomon Islands as well as the relationship between them and their distribution. We conducted a prevalence study in 20 villages in Western Province in Solomon Islands. All residents of the village were eligible to participate. Nurses conducted clinical assessments including history features and skin examination. Diagnosis of scabies was made using the 2020 International Alliance for the Control of Scabies diagnostic criteria. Assessments were completed on 5239 participants across 20 villages. Overall scabies prevalence was 15.0% (95%CI 11.8\u201319.1). There was considerable variation by village with a range of 3.3% to 42.6%. There was a higher prevalence of scabies in males (16.7%) than females (13.5%, adjusted relative risk 1.2, 95%CI 1.1\u20131.4). Children aged under two years had the highest prevalence (27%). Overall impetigo prevalence was 5.6% (95%CI 4.2\u20137.3), ranging from 1.4% to 19% by village. The population attributable risk of impetigo associated with scabies was 16.1% (95% CI 9.8\u201322.4). The prevalence of scabies in our study is comparable to previous studies in Solomon Islands, highlighting a persistent high burden of disease in the country, and the need for public health strategies for disease control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T18:38:37Z","timestamp":1614019117000},"page":"e0009142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Defining the need for public health control of scabies in Solomon Islands"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5508-5430","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susanna J.","family":"Lake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4909-1287","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Engelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Sokana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Titus","family":"Nasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1599-9817","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dickson","family":"Boara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anneke C.","family":"Grobler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0588-9238","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Millicent H.","family":"Osti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6220-9019","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ross","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7585-4743","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4509-4461","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Margot J.","family":"Whitfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9038-5300","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucia","family":"Romani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Kaldor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Steer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10192","key":"pntd.0009142.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31136-5","article-title":"The public health control of scabies: priorities for research and action","volume":"394","author":"D Engelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009142.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001013","article-title":"The Importance of Scabies Coinfection in the Treatment Considerations for Impetigo","volume":"35","author":"M Tasani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009142.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13851","article-title":"Scabies is strongly associated with acute rheumatic fever in a cohort study of Auckland children","volume":"54","author":"S Thornley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009142.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283511d27","article-title":"Streptococcal skin infection and rheumatic heart disease","volume":"25","author":"T Parks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10100","key":"pntd.0009142.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"T Vos","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009142.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00132-2","article-title":"Prevalence of scabies and impetigo worldwide: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"L Romani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009142.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30790-4","article-title":"Efficacy of mass drug administration with ivermectin for control of scabies and impetigo, with coadministration of azithromycin: a single-arm community intervention trial","volume":"19","author":"L Romani","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009142.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy574","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Community Treatment With Azithromycin and Ivermectin Mass Drug Administration for Control of Scabies and Impetigo","volume":"68","author":"M Marks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0009142.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006825","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006825","article-title":"Impact of ivermectin administered for scabies treatment on the prevalence of head lice in Atoifi, Solomon Islands","volume":"12","author":"S Coscione","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009142.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004803","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004803","article-title":"The Prevalence of Scabies and Impetigo in the Solomon Islands: A Population-Based Survey","volume":"10","author":"DS Mason","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases [electronic resource]"},{"key":"pntd.0009142.ref011","first-page":"34","article-title":"Control of scabies, skin sores and haematuria in children in the Solomon Islands: Another role for ivermectin","volume":"83","author":"G Lawrence","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009142.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4382-8","article-title":"Prevalence of scabies and impetigo in the Solomon Islands: a school survey.","volume":"19","author":"MH Osti","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009142.ref013","first-page":"247","article-title":"Resurgent yaws and other skin diseases in the Western Province of the Solomon Islands","volume":"28","author":"RJ Eason","year":"1985","journal-title":"Papua and New Guinea medical journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009142.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.5655","article-title":"Influence of \u201cNot Relevant\u201d Responses on the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) for Patients With Psoriasis in the United States","volume":"155","author":"JS Barbieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatology"},{"issue":"24","key":"pntd.0009142.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1500987","article-title":"Mass Drug Administration for Scabies Control in a Population with Endemic Disease","volume":"373","author":"L Romani","year":"2015","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"pntd.0009142.ref016","volume-title":"World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific Manila, 19\u201321 February 2019: meeting report","author":"WHO Informal Consultation on a Framework for Scabies Control","year":"2020"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009142.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e037305","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-037305","article-title":"Protocol for a cluster-randomised non-inferiority trial of one versus two doses of ivermectin for the control of scabies using a mass drug administration strategy (the RISE study)","volume":"10","author":"SJ Lake","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"pntd.0009142.ref018","article-title":"The 2020 IACS Consensus Criteria for the Diagnosis of Scabies","author":"D Engelman","year":"2020","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"pntd.0009142.ref019","unstructured":"Projected population by province 2010\u20132025: Solomon Islands Government; 2020 [Available from: https:\/\/www.statistics.gov.sb\/statistics\/social-statistics\/population.]"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009142.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007635","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007635","article-title":"The diagnosis of scabies by non-expert examiners: A study of diagnostic accuracy","volume":"13","author":"MH Osti","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0009142.ref021","volume-title":"Solomon Islands Health System Review","author":"N Hodge","year":"2015"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009142.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006996","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006996","article-title":"Exploration of a simplified clinical examination for scabies to support public health decision-making","volume":"12","author":"M Marks","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases [electronic resource]"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009142.ref023","first-page":"264","article-title":"Scabies: A clinical update","volume":"46","author":"M Hardy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australian Family Physician"},{"key":"pntd.0009142.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"PA Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009142.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Informatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009142.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003452","article-title":"Scabies and impetigo prevalence and risk factors in Fiji: a national survey","volume":"9","author":"L Romani","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009142.ref027","unstructured":"Provincial Profile of the 2009 Population & Housing Census: Western, Solomon Islands. 2009."},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009142.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007801","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007801","article-title":"High burden and seasonal variation of paediatric scabies and pyoderma prevalence in The Gambia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"EP Armitage","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0009142.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2016065","article-title":"The effects of climate factors on scabies. A 14-year population-based study in Taiwan.","volume":"23","author":"J-M Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009142.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05329.x","article-title":"Seasonality trends of scabies in a young adult population: a 20-year follow-up","volume":"149","author":"D Mimouni","year":"2003","journal-title":"British Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009142.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03798.x","article-title":"Scabies in the developing world\u2013-its prevalence, complications, and management","volume":"18","author":"RJ Hay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009142.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005726","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005726","article-title":"Are scabies and impetigo \u201cnormalised\u201d? A cross-sectional comparative study of hospitalised children in northern Australia assessing clinical recognition and treatment of skin infections","volume":"11","author":"DK Yeoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009142","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614816000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009142","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T19:14:30Z","timestamp":1614885270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009142"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Roderick","family":"Hay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009142","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009142","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]}}}