{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:24:23Z","timestamp":1791429863726,"version":"4.3.3"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009150","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000}}],"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002992","name":"Department for International Development, UK Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IAVI\/BES\/KASU\/0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IAVI\/BES\/KASU\/0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002992","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, India","award":["DBT-IISc Partnership Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBT-IISc Partnership Program"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, India","award":["DST-INSPIRE Faculty Award (DST\/INSPIRE\/04\/2017\/000071)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST-INSPIRE Faculty Award (DST\/INSPIRE\/04\/2017\/000071)"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, India","award":["SR\/FST\/LS-II\/2018\/233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR\/FST\/LS-II\/2018\/233"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust and Royal Society","award":["Sir Henry Dale Fellowship (200517\/Z\/16\/Z)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Sir Henry Dale Fellowship (200517\/Z\/16\/Z)"]}]},{"name":"USV Private Limited"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Snake venom composition is dictated by various ecological and environmental factors, and can exhibit dramatic variation across geographically disparate populations of the same species. This molecular diversity can undermine the efficacy of snakebite treatments, as antivenoms produced against venom from one population may fail to neutralise others. India is the world\u2019s snakebite hotspot, with 58,000 fatalities and 140,000 morbidities occurring annually. Spectacled cobra (<jats:italic>Naja naja<\/jats:italic>) and Russell\u2019s viper (<jats:italic>Daboia russelii<\/jats:italic>) are known to cause the majority of these envenomations, in part due to their near country-wide distributions. However, the impact of differing ecologies and environment on their venom compositions has not been comprehensively studied.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Here, we used a multi-disciplinary approach consisting of venom proteomics, biochemical and pharmacological analyses, and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> research to comparatively analyse <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>naja<\/jats:italic> venoms across a broad region (&gt;6000 km; seven populations) covering India\u2019s six distinct biogeographical zones.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>By generating the most comprehensive pan-Indian proteomic and toxicity profiles to date, we unveil considerable differences in the composition, pharmacological effects and potencies of geographically-distinct venoms from this species and, through the use of immunological assays and preclinical experiments, demonstrate alarming repercussions on antivenom therapy. We find that commercially-available antivenom fails to effectively neutralise envenomations by the pan-Indian populations of <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>naja<\/jats:italic>, including a complete lack of neutralisation against the desert <jats:italic>Naja<\/jats:italic> population.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our findings highlight the significant influence of ecology and environment on snake venom composition and potency, and stress the pressing need to innovate pan-India effective antivenoms to safeguard the lives, limbs and livelihoods of the country\u2019s 200,000 annual snakebite victims.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T20:13:35Z","timestamp":1613679215000},"page":"e0009150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Biogeographical venom variation in the Indian spectacled cobra (Naja naja) underscores the pressing need for pan-India efficacious snakebite therapy"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9151-7771","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"R. 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