{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T02:10:26Z","timestamp":1794276626862,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["208378\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["208378\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A higher caseload of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been observed among males in community-based surveys. We carried out this review to investigate how the observed disparity in gender distribution is reflected in clinical trials of antileishmanial therapies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We identified relevant studies by searching a database of all published clinical trials in VL from 1980 through 2019 indexed in the Infectious Diseases Data Observatory (IDDO) VL clinical trials library. The proportion of male participants enrolled in studies eligible for inclusion in this review were extracted and combined using random effects meta-analysis of proportion. Results were expressed as percentages and presented with respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Heterogeneity was quantified using I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> statistics and sub-group meta-analyses were carried out to explore the sources of heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We identified 135 published studies (1980\u20132019; 32,177 patients) with 68.0% [95% CI: 65.9%\u201370.0%; I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 92.6%] of the enrolled participants being males. The corresponding estimates were 67.6% [95% CI: 65.5%\u201369.7%; n = 91 trials; I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 90.5%; 24,218 patients] in studies conducted in the Indian sub-continent and 74.1% [95% CI: 68.4%\u201379.1%; n = 24 trials; I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 94.4%; 6,716 patients] in studies from Eastern Africa. The proportion of male participants was 57.9% [95% CI: 54.2%\u201361.5%] in studies enrolling children aged &lt;15 years, 78.2% [95% CI: 66.0%\u201386.9%] in studies that enrolled adults (\u226515 years), and 68.1% [95% CI: 65.9%\u201370.0%] in studies that enrolled patients of all ages. There was a trend for decreased proportions of males enrolled over time: 77.1% [95% CI: 70.2%\u201382.8%; 1356 patients] in studies published prior to the 1990s whereas 64.3% [95% CI: 60.3%\u201368.2%; 15,611 patients] in studies published on or after 2010. In studies that allowed the inclusion of patients with HIV co-infections, 76.5% [95% CI: 63.8%\u201385.9%; 5,123 patients] were males and the corresponding estimate was 64.0% [95% CI: 61.4%\u201366.5% 17,500 patients] in studies which excluded patients with HIV co-infections.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Two-thirds of the participants enrolled in clinical studies in VL conducted in the past 40 years were males, though the imbalance was less in children and in more recent trials. VL treatment guidelines are informed by the knowledge of treatment outcomes from a population that is heavily skewed towards adult males. Investigators planning future studies should consider this fact and ensure approaches for more gender-balanced inclusion.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T17:30:08Z","timestamp":1615915808000},"page":"e0009204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Gender disparity in cases enrolled in clinical trials of visceral leishmaniasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2158-846X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Prabin","family":"Dahal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2892-3053","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sauman","family":"Singh-Phulgenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1426-3680","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Piero L.","family":"Olliaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6008-2963","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philippe J.","family":"Guerin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009204.ref001","volume-title":"Report of an investigation of the epidemic of malarial fever in Assam or Kala-Azar","author":"SL Rogers","year":"1897"},{"key":"pntd.0009204.ref002","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Kala-Azar. 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