{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:37:05Z","timestamp":1787499425062,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009221","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]],"date-time":"2021-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617580800000}}],"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GVPROMETEO16\/156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GVPROMETEO16\/156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GVPROMETEO16\/156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GVPROMETEO16\/156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Embryonated eggs are the infectious developmental stage of\n                    <jats:italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                    and are the primary stimulus for the immune system of the definitive host. The intestinal-dwelling\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                    affects an estimated 465 million people worldwide with an estimated global burden of disease of 640 000 DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years). In Latin America and the Caribbean,\n                    <jats:italic>trichuriasis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is the most prevalent soil transmitted helminthiasis in the region (12.3%; 95% CI). The adverse health consequences impair childhood school performance and reduce school attendance resulting in lower future wage-earning capacity. The accumulation of the long-term effects translates into poverty promoting sequelae and a cycle of impoverishment. Each infective\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                    egg carries the antigens needed to face the immune system with a wide variety of proteins present in the shell, larvae\u2019s surface, and the accompanying fluid that contains their excretions\/secretions. We used a proteomic approach with tandem mass spectrometry to investigate the proteome of soluble non-embryonated egg extracts of\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                    obtained from naturally infected African green monkeys (\n                    <jats:italic>Chlorocebus sabaeus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). A total of 231 proteins were identified, 168 of them with known molecular functions. The proteome revealed common proteins families which are known to play roles in energy and metabolism; the cytoskeleton, muscle and motility; proteolysis; signaling; the stress response and detoxification; transcription and translation; and lipid binding and transport. In addition to the study of the\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                    non-embryonated egg proteome, the antigenic profile of the\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                    non-embryonated egg and female soluble proteins against serum antibodies from\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>sabaeus<\/jats:italic>\n                    naturally infected with trichuriasis was investigated. We used an immunoproteomic approach by Western blot and tandem mass spectrometry from the corresponding SDS-PAGE gels. Vitellogenin N and VWD and DUF1943 domain containing protein, poly-cysteine and histidine tailed protein isoform 2, heat shock protein 70, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, actin, and enolase, were among the potential immunoactive proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                    non-embryonated egg proteome as a novel source of information on potential targets for immunodiagnostics and immunomodulators from a neglected tropical disease. This initial list of\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                    non-embryonated egg proteins (proteome and antigenic profile) can be used in future research on the immunobiology and pathogenesis of human trichuriasis and the treatment of human intestinal immune-related diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T13:44:49Z","timestamp":1616593489000},"page":"e0009221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Trichuris trichiura egg extract proteome reveals potential diagnostic targets and immunomodulators"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6416-9687","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katalina","family":"Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0004-0531","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antonio","family":"Marcilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Vandenplas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3818-1471","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antonio","family":"Osuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5977-3337","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Trelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009221.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-37","article-title":"Global 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