{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:30:42Z","timestamp":1792801842468,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009228","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000}}],"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Office for Foreign Affairs","award":["OR12-370-43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OR12-370-43"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR980\/4-1 AOBJ 630130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR980\/4-1 AOBJ 630130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["LEAP-AGRILEARN O1DG 18024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEAP-AGRILEARN O1DG 18024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is one of the most widespread zoonotic arthropod-borne viruses in many parts of Africa, Europe and Asia. It belongs to the family of<jats:italic>Nairoviridae<\/jats:italic>in the genus of<jats:italic>Orthonairovirus<\/jats:italic>. The main reservoir and vector are ticks of the genus<jats:italic>Hyalomma<\/jats:italic>. Livestock animals (such as cattle, small ruminants and camels) develop a viremias lasting up to two weeks with absence of clinical symptoms, followed by seroconversion. This study was carried out to assess risk factors that affect seroprevalence rates in different species. In total, 928 livestock animal samples (cattle = 201; sheep = 247; goats = 233; camels = 247) from 11 out of 13 regions in Mauritania were assayed for CCHFV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) (including a novel indirect camel-IgG-specific CCHFV ELISA). Inconclusive results were resolved by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). A generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMM) was used to draw conclusions about the impact of certain factors (age, species, sex and region) which might have influenced the CCHFV antibody status of surveyed animals. In goats and sheep, about 15% of the animals were seropositive, whereas in cattle (69%) and camels (81%), the prevalence rate was significantly higher. On average, cattle and camels were up to twice to four times older than small ruminants. Interestingly, the seroprevalence in all species was directly linked to the age of the animals, i.e. older animals had significantly higher seroprevalence rates than younger animals. The highest CCHFV seroprevalence in Mauritania was found in camels and cattle, followed by small ruminants. The large proportion of positive animals in cattle and camels might be explained by the high ages of the animals. Future CCHFV prevalence studies should at least consider the age of surveyed animals in order to avoid misinterpretations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T17:36:31Z","timestamp":1618248991000},"page":"e0009228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus antibody prevalence in Mauritanian livestock (cattle, goats, sheep and camels) is stratified by the animal\u2019s age"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ansgar","family":"Schulz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahya","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Stoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6136-9475","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aliou","family":"Ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5719-4542","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jana","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed L.","family":"Haki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam A.","family":"Sas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baba A.","family":"Doumbia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8026-4185","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Kirkland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Y.","family":"Bah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1197-8288","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"Eiden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0215-185X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin H.","family":"Groschup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009228.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.07.006","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity","volume":"100","author":"DA Bente","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiviral research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009228.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/15.4.307","article-title":"The epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa","volume":"15","author":"H. Hoogstraal","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of medical entomology"},{"key":"pntd.0009228.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.09.013","article-title":"A chronological review of experimental infection studies of the role of wild animals and livestock in the maintenance and transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus","volume":"135","author":"JR Spengler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antiviral research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009228.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2004.08.001","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever","volume":"64","author":"CA Whitehouse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antiviral research"},{"key":"pntd.0009228.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.12.003","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey: Current status and future challenges","volume":"126","author":"H Leblebicioglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antiviral research"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009228.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.1179","article-title":"Characteristics of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (Xinjiang strain) in China","volume":"34","author":"YC Yen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009228.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-1978-y","article-title":"Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mauritania: a review of their biodiversity, distribution and medical importance.","volume":"10","author":"A Mint Mohamed Lemine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009228.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(85)90356-6","article-title":"Haemorrhagic fever caused by Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Mauritania","volume":"79","author":"JF Saluzzo","year":"1985","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8420","key":"pntd.0009228.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92014-8","article-title":"Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and Rift Valley fever in south-eastern Mauritania","volume":"1","author":"JF Saluzzo","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009228.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90045-G","article-title":"A fatal case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Mauritania: virological and serological evidence suggesting epidemic transmission","volume":"84","author":"JP Gonzalez","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009228.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040535","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Mauritania","volume":"10","author":"P Nabeth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009228.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2084","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus-Specific Antibody Detection in Cattle in Mauritania","volume":"17","author":"MA Sas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector borne and zoonotic diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009228.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.03.002","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in cattle in East Darfur State, Sudan","volume":"6","author":"AM Ibrahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks and tick-borne diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009228.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.43.557","article-title":"Distribution of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viral antibody in Senegal: environmental and vectorial correlates","volume":"43","author":"ML Wilson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009228.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2009.01269.x","article-title":"A serosurvey of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in dairy cattle in Iran","volume":"58","author":"S Lotfollahzadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009228.ref016","first-page":"513","article-title":"A serological survey of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in animals in the Sharkia Governorate of Egypt","volume":"44","author":"M Mohamed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009228.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0191565","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191565","article-title":"Towards the description of livestock mobility in Sahelian Africa: Some results from a survey in Mauritania","volume":"13","author":"A Apolloni","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009228.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0199547","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199547","article-title":"Predictive gravity models of livestock mobility in Mauritania: The effects of supply, demand and cultural factors","volume":"13","author":"G Nicolas","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009228.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760160119","article-title":"Calculation of the ELISA\u2019s cut-off based on the change-point analysis method for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Bolivian dogs in the absence of controls","volume":"111","author":"F Lardeux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009228.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800204","article-title":"Measuring agreement in method comparison studies","volume":"8","author":"JM Bland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009228.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2015.015","article-title":"Understanding Bland Altman analysis.","volume":"25","author":"D. Giavarina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem Med (Zagreb)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009228.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-009-0106-9","article-title":"Seroepidemiological study in a Puumala virus outbreak area in South-East Germany","volume":"198","author":"M Mertens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009228.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003519","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003519","article-title":"Circulation of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia revealed by screening of cattle sera using a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"9","author":"M Mertens","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009228.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-015-9996-y","article-title":"Sheep and goats as indicator animals for the circulation of CCHFV in the environment","volume":"68","author":"I Schuster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Experimental & applied acarology"},{"key":"pntd.0009228.ref025","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing.","author":"R Core Team","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009228.ref026","first-page":"1","volume":"69","author":"RV Lenth","year":"2016","journal-title":"The R Package"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009228.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1812.120710","article-title":"Diagnostic assays for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever","volume":"18","author":"J Vanhomwegen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009228.ref028","first-page":"e0004210","volume":"10","author":"JR Spengler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Seroepidemiological Studies of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Domestic and Wild Animals"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009228.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.130163","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) population in northeast of Iran","volume":"51","author":"M Champour","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009228.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.217","article-title":"Antibodies to hemorrhagic fever viruses in domestic livestock in Niger: Rift Valley fever and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever","volume":"53","author":"JC Mariner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009228.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0816-3","article-title":"Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever among the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries) in Central Sudan","volume":"14","author":"HM Suliman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009228.ref032","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Endemicity in United Arab Emirates, 2019","volume":"26","author":"JV Camp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009228.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2516(99)80013-2","article-title":"Biological and clinical responses of west African sheep to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus experimental infection","volume":"149","author":"JP Gonzalez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Res Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009228.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2516(91)90007-P","article-title":"Transmission of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus from experimentally infected sheep to Hyalomma truncatum ticks","volume":"142","author":"ML Wilson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009228.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.40.541","article-title":"Viremia and antibody response of small African and laboratory animals to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection","volume":"40","author":"AJ Shepherd","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009228.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.04.005","article-title":"Persistence of IgG antibodies in survivors of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection, India","volume":"12","author":"PD Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009228.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-012-0331-x","article-title":"Lactation curves of dairy camels in an intensive system","volume":"45","author":"A Musaad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"pntd.0009228.ref038","article-title":"Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in ticks collected from livestock in Balochistan, Pakistan","author":"KK Kasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009228","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009228","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T05:03:32Z","timestamp":1724821412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009228"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Marzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009228","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009228","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]}}}