{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:27:29Z","timestamp":1788881249832,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009257","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000}}],"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The management of mosquito-borne diseases is a challenge in southern coastal Ecuador, where dengue is hyper-endemic and co-circulates with other arboviral diseases. Prior work in the region has explored social-ecological factors, dengue case data, and entomological indices. In this study, we bring together entomological and epidemiological data to describe links between social-ecological factors associated with risk of dengue transmission at the household level in Machala, Ecuador. Households surveys were conducted from 2014\u20132017 to assess the presence of adult\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    (collected via aspiration) and to enumerate housing conditions, demographics, and mosquito prevention behaviors. Household-level dengue infection status was determined by laboratory diagnostics in 2014\u20132015. Bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify social-ecological variables associated with household presence of female\n                    <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    and household dengue infection status, respectively.\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    presence was associated with interruptions in water service and weekly trash collection, and household air conditioning was protective against mosquito presence. Presence of female\n                    <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    was not associated with household dengue infections. We identified shaded patios and head of household employment status as risk factors for household-level dengue infection, while window screening in good condition was identified as protective against dengue infection. These findings add to our understanding of the systems of mosquito-borne disease transmission in Machala, and in the larger region of southern Ecuador, aiding in the development of improved vector surveillance efforts, and targeted interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T13:36:45Z","timestamp":1616161005000},"page":"e0009257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Exploring the utility of social-ecological and entomological risk factors for dengue infection as surveillance indicators in the dengue hyper-endemic city of Machala, Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7988-0324","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Lippi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Stewart-Ibarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy P.","family":"Endy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1885-7497","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinthya","family":"Cueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Froil\u00e1n","family":"Heras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Polhemus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3988-091X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Efra\u00edn","family":"Beltr\u00e1n-Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4308-6321","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sadie J.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009257.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0503","article-title":"Economic impact of dengue illness in the Americas","volume":"84","author":"DS Shepard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0009257.ref002","volume-title":"Integrated management strategy for arboviral disease prevention and control in the Americas","author":"PAHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"pntd.0009257.ref003","volume-title":"Plan continental de ampliaci\u00f3n e intensificaci\u00f3n del combate al Aedes aegypti. 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