{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:02:10Z","timestamp":1790704930961,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009273","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000}}],"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007235","name":"Colorado State University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Startup Funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Startup Funds"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus with proven ability to emerge into na\u00efve geographic areas. Limited field evidence suggests that RVFV is transmitted vertically from parent mosquito to offspring, but until now this mechanism has not been confirmed in the laboratory. Furthermore, this transmission mechanism has allowed for the prediction of RVFV epizootics based on rainfall patterns collected from satellite information. However, in spite of the relevance to the initiation of epizootic events, laboratory confirmation of vertical transmission has remained an elusive research aim for thirty-five years. Herein we present preliminary evidence of the vertical transmission of RVFV by <jats:italic>Culex tarsalis<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes after oral exposure to RVFV. Progeny from three successive gonotrophic cycles were reared to adults, with infectious RVFV confirmed in each developmental stage. Virus was detected in ovarian tissues of parental mosquitoes 7 days after imbibing an infectious bloodmeal. Infection was confirmed in progeny as early as the first gonotrophic cycle, with infection rates ranging from 2.0\u201310.0%. Virus titers among progeny were low, which may indicate a host mechanism suppressing replication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T17:32:28Z","timestamp":1616434348000},"page":"e0009273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Laboratory demonstration of the vertical transmission of Rift Valley fever virus by Culex tarsalis mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4496-447X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Bergren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8631-9466","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erin M.","family":"Borland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9733-8355","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4996-915X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebekah C.","family":"Kading","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009273.ref001","first-page":"51","volume-title":"The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology","author":"JM Meegan","year":"1988"},{"key":"pntd.0009273.ref002","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of livestock with special reference to South Africa","author":"R Swanepoel","year":"1994"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009273.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1086\/378747","article-title":"Rift Valley fever epidemic in Saudi Arabia: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics","volume":"37","author":"TA Madani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009273.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0669","article-title":"Severe Rift Valley fever may present with a characteristic clinical syndrome","volume":"82","author":"SS Kahlon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009273.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0802.010023","article-title":"An outbreak of Rift Valley fever in northeastern Kenya, 1997\u201398","volume":"8","author":"CW Woods","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009273.ref006","unstructured":"Little PD, Teka T, Azeze A. Cross-boarder livestock trade and food security in the horn of Africa: an overview. Broadening Access to Markets and Input Systems-Collaborative Research Support Program and Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa, 2001."},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009273.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105.6.124","article-title":"An epizootic of Rift Valley fever in Egypt in 1977","volume":"105","author":"J Meegan","year":"1979","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009273.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90004-X","article-title":"The Rift Valley fever epizootic in Egypt 1977\u20131978 1. 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