{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T20:07:25Z","timestamp":1779394045964,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FKZ01DK14021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ01DK14021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16PGF0170"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16PGF0170"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1618841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1618841"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IF\/0773\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/0773\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is re-emerging in Armenia since 1999 with 167 cases recorded until 2019. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine for the first time the genetic diversity and population structure of the causative agent of VL in Armenia; (ii) to compare these genotypes with those from most endemic regions worldwide; (iii) to monitor the diversity of vectors in Armenia; (iv) to predict the distribution of the vectors and VL in time and space by ecological niche modeling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human samples from different parts of Armenia previously identified by ITS-1-RFLP as<jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>infantum<\/jats:italic>were studied by Multilocus Microsatellite Typing (MLMT). These data were combined with previously typed<jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>infantum<\/jats:italic>strains from the main global endemic regions for population structure analysis. Within the 23 Armenian<jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>infantum<\/jats:italic>strains 22 different genotypes were identified. The combined analysis revealed that all strains belong to the worldwide predominating MON1-population, however most closely related to a subpopulation from Southeastern Europe, Maghreb, Middle East and Central Asia. The three observed Armenian clusters grouped within this subpopulation with strains from Greece\/Turkey, and from Central Asia, respectively. Ecological niche modeling based on VL cases and collected proven vectors (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>balcanicus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>kandelakii)<\/jats:italic>identified Yerevan and districts Lori, Tavush, Syunik, Armavir, Ararat bordering Georgia, Turkey, Iran and Azerbaijan as most suitable for the vectors and with the highest risk for VL transmission. Due to climate change the suitable habitat for VL transmission will expand in future all over Armenia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genetic diversity and population structure of the causative agent of VL in Armenia were addressed for the first time. Further genotyping studies should be performed with samples from infected humans, animals and sand flies from all active foci including the neighboring countries to understand transmission cycles, re-emergence, spread, and epidemiology of VL in Armenia and the entire Transcaucasus enabling epidemiological monitoring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T17:25:43Z","timestamp":1618853143000},"page":"e0009288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Microsatellite based molecular epidemiology of Leishmania infantum from re-emerging foci of visceral leishmaniasis in Armenia and pilot risk assessment by ecological niche modeling"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4168-8684","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katrin","family":"Kuhls","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Moskalenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Sukiasyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dezdemonia","family":"Manukyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayane","family":"Melik-Andreasyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liana","family":"Atshemyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8482-1372","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hripsime","family":"Apresyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5705-9327","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Margarita","family":"Strelkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8361-0960","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anja","family":"Jaeschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2278-610X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ralf","family":"Wieland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9063-2682","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcus","family":"Frohme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5850-6950","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sofia","family":"Cortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ara","family":"Keshishyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009288.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence.","volume":"7","author":"J Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref002","first-page":"115","article-title":"[Human and canine leishmaniasis in Armenia and neighboring countries].","volume":"1","author":"AI Isahakyan","year":"1924","journal-title":"Trans Arm Trop Inst [Trudy Trop Inst Armenii]."},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref003","first-page":"1","article-title":"[About the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Gorish region of the Armenian SSR].","author":"AA Mirzoyan","year":"1941","journal-title":"J Sov Health Care Turkmenistan"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref004","first-page":"578","article-title":"[Materials for promoting control of parasitic diseases in Armenian SSR].","volume":"5","author":"KN Pirumov","year":"1957","journal-title":"Med Parazitol (Mosk)."},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009288.ref005","first-page":"61","article-title":"[Cutaneous leishmaniasis (Borovskii\u2019s disease) in Armenia].","volume":"40","author":"LA Karagezian","year":"1966","journal-title":"Vestn Dermatol Venerol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009288.ref006","first-page":"346","article-title":"Four cases of Kala-azar disease","volume":"79","author":"AG Gurko","year":"1913","journal-title":"Medical Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009288.ref007","first-page":"444","article-title":"A source of invasion and the natural focality of visceral leishmaniasis in the Armenian SSR","volume":"41","author":"RM Karapetyan","year":"1972","journal-title":"Med Parazitol (Mosk)."},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref008","first-page":"291","article-title":"[On the question of distribution of leishmaniasis in Transcaucasia].","volume":"3","author":"RM Karapetyan","year":"1972","journal-title":"Med Parazitol (Mosk)."},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref009","first-page":"183","article-title":"Canine leishmaniasis in Yerevan","volume":"2","author":"MM Mamikonyan","year":"1935","journal-title":"Trans Vet Res Inst Armenia [Trudy Nauch Islied Vet Inst Armenii]."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009288.ref010","first-page":"91","article-title":"Nosogeography of leishmaniasis in the Armenian SSR","volume":"10","author":"RM Karapetyan","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009288.ref011","first-page":"617","article-title":"[Detection of the Phlebotomus subspecies, Phlebotomus chinensis tanriae Perfiliew in the Georgian SSR].","volume":"41","author":"ID Saladze","year":"1972","journal-title":"Med Parazitol (Mosk)."},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref012","first-page":"261","article-title":"Geographical distribution of sand flies in Georgia","volume":"5","author":"I Saladze","year":"1964","journal-title":"Trans Virsaladze Inst Parasitol Trop Med [Trudy Inst Parazitol i Trop Med im Virzaladze]"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref013","first-page":"31","article-title":"[Present status of vector populations of the causative agent of leishmaniasis in Armenia].","volume":"4","author":"TI Dergacheva","year":"1987","journal-title":"Med Parazitol (Mosk)."},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref014","first-page":"28","article-title":"[Patterns in the distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in Transcaucasia].","volume":"4","author":"NN Darchenkova","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med Parazitol (Mosk)."},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref015","first-page":"10","article-title":"[The spread and epidemiological value of sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) of the Caucasus].","volume":"2","author":"MS Baranets","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Parazitol (Mosk)."},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref016","unstructured":"Mnatsakanyan SS. [Biology of sandflies and control measures in foci of visceral leishmaniasis in the city Yerevan]. Thesis, Medical Institute of Yerevan, Yerevan. 1962."},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref017","first-page":"449","article-title":"Sand flies of Barda town of Azerbaijan SSR","volume":"5","author":"AY Nadjafov","year":"1952","journal-title":"Med Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref018","first-page":"695","article-title":"On the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in the Georgian SSR","volume":"6","author":"GM Maruashvili","year":"1965","journal-title":"Med Parasitol (Moscow)."},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref019","unstructured":"Maruashvili GM. [Visceral leishmaniasis: epidemiological and clinical study]. Sabchota Sakartvelo; Tbilisi. 1968."},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009288.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1609","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001609","article-title":"Incrimination of Phlebotomus kandelakii and Phlebotomus balcanicus as vectors of Leishmania infantum in Tbilisi, Georgia.","volume":"6","author":"E Giorgobiani","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0925-z","article-title":"A narrative review of visceral leishmaniasis in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, the Crimean Peninsula and Southern Russia.","volume":"8","author":"MV Strelkova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref022","volume-title":"[Distribution and ecology of sand flies of the Old World (genus Phlebotomus)].","author":"MM Artemiev","year":"1984"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref023","first-page":"665","article-title":"Experiences in the control of visceral leishmaniasis in the city of Yerevan","volume":"6","author":"RM Karapetyan","year":"1960","journal-title":"Med Parazitol (Mosk)."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009288.ref024","first-page":"323","article-title":"Eradication of leishmaniasis in the USSR during the 7-year-plan","volume":"28","author":"LM Isaev","year":"1959","journal-title":"Med Parazitol (Mosk)."},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref025","first-page":"75","volume-title":"[Leishmaniasis in Armenia]. In: [Current Problems in Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine. Collection of scientific works].","author":"RM Karapetyan","year":"1970"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009288.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019000064","article-title":"Re-Emerging foci of visceral leishmaniasis in Armenia\u2014first molecular diagnosis of clinical samples","volume":"146","author":"A Sukiasyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref027","first-page":"396","article-title":"Trends in visceral leishmaniasis in Armenia 1999\u20132014. In: International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases 2015 poster and oral presentation abstracts.","author":"L Paronyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Inf Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref028","unstructured":"Paronyan L, Apresyan H, Avetisyan G, Tunyan A, Gevorgyan K, Babyan L, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis as re-emerging problem in Armenia, seroepidemiological study, 2015\u20132016. In: Abstracts book - 6th World Congress on Leishmaniasis, 16\u201320 May, Abstract C2059 Toledo, Spain 2017. p. 1462."},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref029","first-page":"132","author":"A Keshishyan","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009288.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2725","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002725","article-title":"Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Georgia.","volume":"8","author":"G Babuadze","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref031","unstructured":"Sukiasyan A, Keshishyan A, Melik-Andreasyan G, Atshemyan L, Frohme M, Cortes S, et al. Emerging foci of visceral leishmaniasis in Armenia\u2013molecular diagnostics of clinical samples. In: Abstracts of the 27th Annual Meeting of the German Society for Parasitology; G\u00f6ttingen, Germany 2016. p. 98."},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref032","unstructured":"Sukiasyan A, Keshishyan A, Manukyan D, Malik-Andreasyan G, Atshemyan L, Frohme M, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis in Armenia\u2014first time use of molecular diagnosis. In: Abstracts book - 6th World Congress on Leishmaniasis, 16\u201320 May, Abstract C0753; May 16\u201320; Toledo, Spain 2017. p. 1389."},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2016.11.012","article-title":"Leishmania infections: Molecular targets and diagnosis.","volume":"57","author":"M Akhoundi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009288.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010001538","article-title":"Molecular approaches for a better understanding of the epidemiology and population genetics of Leishmania","volume":"138","author":"G Schonian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009288.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.2.495-503.2006","article-title":"Multilocus microsatellite typing as a new tool for discrimination of Leishmania infantum MON-1 strains","volume":"44","author":"S Ochsenreither","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009288.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.12.009","article-title":"Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) reveals genetically isolated populations between and within the main endemic regions of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"K Kuhls","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"12\u201313","key":"pntd.0009288.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.031","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism of Algerian Leishmania infantum strains revealed by multilocus microsatellite analysis","volume":"10","author":"N Seridi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009288.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e261","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000261","article-title":"Differentiation and gene flow among European populations of Leishmania infantum MON-1.","volume":"2","author":"K Kuhls","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009288.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.11.016","article-title":"Population structure of Tunisian Leishmania infantum and evidence for the existence of hybrids and gene flow between genetically different populations","volume":"39","author":"N Chargui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009288.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1155","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001155","article-title":"Comparative microsatellite typing of New World Leishmania infantum reveals low heterogeneity among populations and its recent Old World origin.","volume":"5","author":"K Kuhls","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.04.023","article-title":"Genetic diversity evaluation on Portuguese Leishmania infantum strains by multilocus microsatellite typing.","volume":"26","author":"S Cortes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infec Genet Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009288.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.02.001","article-title":"Population genetics of Leishmania infantum in Israel and the Palestinian Authority through microsatellite analysis","volume":"11","author":"A Amro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0009288.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009006465","article-title":"Identification of the agent causing visceral leishmaniasis in Uzbeki and Tajiki foci by analysing parasite DNA extracted from patients\u2019 Giemsa-stained tissue preparations","volume":"136","author":"MZ Alam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref044","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Improvement of the epidemiological surveillance of leishmaniasis considering the climate changes in Armenia","author":"AS Keshishyan","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009288.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(96)02572-8","article-title":"Identification and determination of the relationships of species and strains within the genus Leishmania using single primers in the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"77","author":"G Schonian","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pntd.0009288.ref046","first-page":"419","article-title":"Development and application of the polymerase chain reaction for the detection and identification of Leishmania parasites in clinical material","volume":"70","author":"SE Meredith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009288.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.2.945","article-title":"Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data","volume":"155","author":"JK Pritchard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009288.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x","article-title":"Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study","volume":"14","author":"G Evanno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"pntd.0009288.ref049","first-page":"233","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis. Models and estimation procedures","volume":"19","author":"LL Cavalli-Sforza","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009288.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm092","article-title":"MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0.","volume":"24","author":"K Tamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x","article-title":"The genetical structure of populations","volume":"15","author":"S Wright","year":"1951","journal-title":"Ann Eugenics"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009288.ref052","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure","volume":"38","author":"BS Weir","year":"1984","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-8286.2003.00351.x","article-title":"Microsatellite analizer (MSA): a platform independent analysis tool for large microsatellite sets.","volume":"3","author":"D Dieringer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Molec Ecol Notes"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"pntd.0009288.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.04.009","article-title":"The paraphyletic composition of Leishmania donovani zymodeme MON-37 revealed by multilocus microsatellite typing.","volume":"11","author":"MZ Alam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microb Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009288.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1507","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001507","article-title":"Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) of strains from Turkey and Cyprus reveals a novel monophyletic L. donovani sensu lato group.","volume":"6","author":"E Gouzelou","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.01.019","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Leishmania donovani\/infantum complex in China through microsatellite analysis","volume":"22","author":"MZ Alam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref057","unstructured":"Perfiliev PP. [Insects Diptera. Phlebotomidae family] Moskva-Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Nauka; 1966. 384 p."},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1276","article-title":"Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas.","volume":"25","author":"RJ Hijmans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Climatol"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(02)00204-1","article-title":"Generalized linear and generalized additive models in studies of species distributions: setting the scene","volume":"157","author":"A Guisan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol Modell"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2008.01390.x","article-title":"A working guide to boosted regression trees","volume":"77","author":"J Elith","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref061","first-page":"15","article-title":"Random forests.","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref062","unstructured":"Thuiller W, Georges D, Engler E, Breiner F. Biomod2: Ensemble platform for species distribution modeling. R-Package version 3.3\u20137; 2016. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=biomod2."},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2008.05742.x","article-title":"BIOMOD\u2013a platform for ensemble forecasting of species distributions.","volume":"32","author":"W Thuiller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026","article-title":"Maximum entropy modelling of species geographic distributions","volume":"190","author":"SJ Phillips","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol Modell"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00003447","article-title":"Pr\u00e9cis of simple heuristics that make us smart","volume":"23","author":"PM Todd","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref066","unstructured":"IPCC. IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Geneva, Switzerland; 2014."},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1269-4","article-title":"First report of naturally infected Sergentomyia minuta with Leishmania major in Tunisia.","volume":"8","author":"K Jaouadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009288.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485309990423","article-title":"Phlebotomus caucasicus and Phlebotomus mongolensis (Diptera: Psychodidae): indistinguishable by the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in Iran.","volume":"100","author":"P Parvizi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009288.ref069","first-page":"291","article-title":"Geographical variation in populations of Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) caucasicus (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran.","volume":"100","author":"V Moin-Vaziri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot (1990)."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009288.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1990653111","article-title":"Taxonomy of Leishmania. Use of isoenzymes. Suggestions for a new classification","volume":"65","author":"JA Rioux","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol Hum Comp"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009288.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90231-7","article-title":"The life-cycle of Leishmania infantum MON-77 in the Priorat (Catalonia, Spain) involves humans, dogs and sandflies; also literature review of distribution and hosts of L. infantum zymodemes in the Old World.","volume":"95","author":"M Gallego","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(04)57001-X","article-title":"Canine leishmaniasis.","volume":"57","author":"J Alvar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009288.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.03.001","article-title":"Canine Leishmania infantum enzymatic polymorphism: a review including 1023 strains of the Mediterranean area, with special reference to Algeria","volume":"118","author":"K Ait-Oudhia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009288.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1558-6","article-title":"Seroepidemiology and molecular diversity of Leishmania donovani complex in Georgia.","volume":"9","author":"G Babuadze","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009288.ref075","first-page":"22","article-title":"[Visceral leishmaniasis in Ordubad District, Nakhichevan ASSR].","author":"TA Tagi-zade","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med Parazitol (Mosk)."},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009288.ref076","first-page":"41","article-title":"[An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in Geokchai District, Azerbaijan SSR].","author":"GB Gasanzade","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med Parazitol (Mosk)."},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009288.ref077","first-page":"759","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of kala-azar in Meshkin-Shahr, Iran: human infection","volume":"71","author":"G Soleimanzadeh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009288.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-013-0325-2","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis: seroprevalence survey of asymptomatic dogs in an endemic area of northwestern Iran.","volume":"39","author":"M Barati","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"issue":"44","key":"pntd.0009288.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5261","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005261","article-title":"Pediatric visceral leishmaniasis in northwest of Iran.","volume":"95","author":"B Abdinia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009288.ref080","first-page":"238","article-title":"An endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Meshkin-Shahr, east Azerbaijan province, north-west part of Iran and IFA serological survey of the disease in this area.","volume":"81","author":"GH Edrissian","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009288.ref081","first-page":"482","article-title":"Situational analysis of visceral leishmaniasis in the most important endemic area of the disease in Iran.","volume":"11","author":"E Moradi-Asl","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Arthropod-Borne Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009288.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1179\/146532805X23344","article-title":"Visceral childhood leishmaniasis in Kagizman, eastern Turkey: a new endemic area.","volume":"25","author":"M Buyukavci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pntd.0009288.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.02.021","article-title":"Seroepidemiological and entomological survey in a new focus of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Kars province","volume":"209","author":"B Sari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Northeastern Turkey. Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref084","article-title":"cartographers. Present and future K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution","author":"HE Beck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Scientific Data"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009288.ref085","first-page":"68","article-title":"[Nosogeography of Leishmaniasis in Transcaucasia].","volume":"11","author":"RM Karapetyan","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009288.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.10.012","article-title":"The subgenus Adlerius Nitzulescu (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotomus) in Iran.","volume":"122","author":"M Akhoundi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2005.1802.1806","article-title":"Phlebotomus (Larroussius) kandelakii, the principal and proven vector of visceral leishmaniasis in northwest of Iran.","volume":"8","author":"Y Rassi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pak J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009288.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12202","article-title":"Predicted distribution of visceral leishmaniasis vectors (Diptera: Psychodidae; Phlebotominae) in Iran: A Niche Model Study.","volume":"62","author":"AA Hanafi-Bojd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009288.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.112531","article-title":"Natural infection of wild caught Phlebotomus tobbi to Leishmania infantum in East Azerbaijan province, northwestern Iran.","volume":"50","author":"MA Oshaghi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009288.ref090","first-page":"348","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: review of the epidemiological and clinical features","volume":"8","author":"M Mohebali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref091","first-page":"61","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of kala-azar in Meshkin-Shahr, Iran: Investigation on vectors.","volume":"21","author":"A Nadim","year":"1992","journal-title":"Iranian J Publ Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009288.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2000)037[0346:COPNDP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Colonization of Phlebotomus neglectus (Diptera: Psychodidae), the major vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Greece.","volume":"37","author":"B Chaniotis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009288.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.06.009","article-title":"A review of leishmaniasis in Dalmatia (Croatia) and results from recent surveys on phlebotomine sandflies in three southern counties.","volume":"99","author":"S Bosni\u0107","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009288.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225003352","article-title":"Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Bar area of Montenegro (Yugoslavia). 2. Presence of promastigotes in Phlebotomus neglectus and first record of P. kandelakii.","volume":"98","author":"V Ivovi\u0107","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009288.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01998.x","article-title":"The northward spread of leishmaniasis in Italy: evidence from retrospective and ongoing studies on the canine reservoir and phlebotomine vectors","volume":"13","author":"M Maroli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009288.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1179\/136485906X78454","article-title":"Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) alexandri: a probable vector of Leishmania infantum in Iran","volume":"100","author":"K Azizi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref097","unstructured":"Vermishev M. [Pecularities of the economic development in Armenia in the context of climate change]. In: On the way to Copenhagen. Armenia ahead of the 15th Conference of the Parties on Climate Change. Yerevan. 2010. pp. 21\u201322."},{"key":"pntd.0009288.ref098","first-page":"522","article-title":"Climate change and the problem of Malaria in Armenia.","volume":"75","author":"A Keshishyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Acad Sci Eng Technol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009288.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12325","article-title":"Identification of visceral leishmaniasis-susceptible areas using spatial modelling in Southern Caucasus.","volume":"64","author":"M Rajabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"issue":"40","key":"pntd.0009288.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25159","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920136117","article-title":"Ecological divergence and hybridization of Neotropical Leishmania parasites","volume":"117","author":"F Van den Broeck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009288.ref101","first-page":"328","article-title":"Laboratory estimation of degree-day developmental requirements of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae).","volume":"30","author":"OE Kasap","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009288.ref102","first-page":"955","article-title":"The effect of temperature on Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) development in sand flies.","volume":"50","author":"J Hlavacova","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009288","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T19:07:21Z","timestamp":1724872041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009288"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Guy","family":"Caljon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009288","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]]}}}