{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:53:50Z","timestamp":1790510030759,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009333","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000}}],"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P2EZP3_152159, P300PA_177876, P3P3PA_17877"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2EZP3_152159, P300PA_177876, P3P3PA_17877"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Institut Pasteur Roux-Cantarini Fellowship"},{"name":"L\u2019Or\u00e9al-UNESCO for Women in Science France Fellowship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018758","name":"Total Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018758","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fondation Petram"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to compare the prevalence of intestinal parasite infestations (IPIs) in stunted children, compared to control children, in Ankasina and Andranomanalina Isotry (two disadvantaged neighborhoods of Antananarivo, Madagascar), to characterize associated risk factors and to compare IPI detection by real-time PCR and standard microscopy techniques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fecal samples were collected from a total of 410 children (171 stunted and 239 control) aged 2\u20135 years. A single stool sample per subject was examined by simple merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde (MIF), Kato-Katz smear and real-time PCR techniques. A total of 96.3% of the children were infested with at least one intestinal parasite. The most prevalent parasites were<jats:italic>Giardia intestinalis<\/jats:italic>(79.5%),<jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>(68.3%) and<jats:italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic>(68.0%). For all parasites studied, real-time PCR showed higher detection rates compared to microscopy (<jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>intestinalis<\/jats:italic>[77.6% (n = 318) versus 20.9% (n = 86)],<jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>[15.8% (n = 65) versus 1.9% (n = 8)] and<jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>[64.1% (n = 263) versus 50.7% (n = 208)]). Among the different variables assessed in the study, age of 4 to 5 years (AOR = 4.61; 95% CI, (1.35\u201315.77)) and primary and secondary educational level of the mother (AOR = 12.59; 95% CI, (2.76\u201357.47); AOR = 9.17; 95% CI, (2.12\u201339.71), respectively) were significantly associated with IPIs. Children drinking untreated water was associated with infestation with<jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>intestinalis<\/jats:italic>(AOR = 1.85; 95% CI, (1.1\u20133.09)) and<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>histolytica<\/jats:italic>(AOR = 1.9; 95% CI, (1.07\u20133.38)).<jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>histolytica<\/jats:italic>was also associated with moderately stunted children (AOR = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.2\u20130.71). Similarly, children aged between 4 and 5 years (AOR = 3.2; 95% CI (2.04\u20135.01)) and living on noncemented soil types (AOR = 1.85; 95% CI, (1.18\u20132.09)) were associated with<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>trichiura<\/jats:italic>infestation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of IPIs is substantial in the studied areas in both stunted and control children, despite the large-scale drug administration of antiparasitic drugs in the country. This high prevalence of IPIs warrants further investigation. Improved health education, environmental sanitation and quality of water sources should be provided.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T23:07:04Z","timestamp":1618960024000},"page":"e0009333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["High prevalence of intestinal parasite infestations among stunted and control children aged 2 to 5 years old in two neighborhoods of Antananarivo, Madagascar"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9108-9167","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Azimdine","family":"Habib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4860-2751","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lova","family":"Andrianonimiadana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7932-9703","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maheninasy","family":"Rakotondrainipiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prisca","family":"Andriantsalama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravaka","family":"Randriamparany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rindra Vatosoa","family":"Randremanana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7325-9238","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rado","family":"Rakotoarison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7848-9297","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"In\u00e8s","family":"Vigan-Womas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8974-1849","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Armand","family":"Rafalimanantsoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1064-6505","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pascale","family":"Vonaesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe J.","family":"Sansonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1490-3978","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Collard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the Afribiota Investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009333.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)62007-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections","volume":"62","author":"S Brooker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009333.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555818753","volume-title":"Forgotten People, Forgotten Diseases: The Neglected Tropical Diseases and Their Impact on Global Health and Development","author":"P.J. 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