{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T06:27:07Z","timestamp":1772432827181,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1104433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1104433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1104466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1104466"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008717","name":"Sylvia and Charles Viertel Charitable Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008717","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000991","name":"Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000991","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current approaches to reduce the burden of chronic helminth infections in endemic areas are adequate sanitation and periodic administration of deworming drugs. Yet, resistance against some deworming drugs and reinfection can still rapidly occur even after treatment. A vaccine against helminths would be an effective solution at preventing reinfection. However, vaccines against helminth parasites have yet to be successfully developed. While T helper cells and innate lymphoid cells have been established as important components of the protective type 2 response, the roles of B cells and antibodies remain the most controversial. Here, we review the roles of B cells during intestinal helminth infection. We discuss the potential factors that contribute to the context-specific roles for B cells in protection against diverse intestinal helminth parasite species, using evidence from well-defined murine model systems. Understanding the precise roles of B cells during resistance and susceptibility to helminth infection may offer a new perspective of type 2 protective immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T17:25:45Z","timestamp":1620926745000},"page":"e0009340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Context-dependent roles of B cells during intestinal helminth infection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Aidil","family":"Zaini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1891-7274","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kim L.","family":"Good-Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colby","family":"Zaph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009340.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31930-X","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections","volume":"391","author":"PM Jourdan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0009340.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34261","article-title":"Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases","volume":"118","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"pntd.0009340.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-37","article-title":"Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010.","volume":"7","author":"RL Pullan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009340.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2865","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002865","article-title":"The global burden of disease study 2010: interpretation and implications for the neglected tropical diseases","volume":"8","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009340.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000412","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases in sub-saharan Africa: review of their prevalence, distribution and disease burden","volume":"3","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009340.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.04.004","article-title":"Drug resistance mechanisms in helminths: is it survival of the fittest?","volume":"25","author":"CE James","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009340.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.07.005","article-title":"Lessons along the Critical Path: Developing Vaccines against Human Helminths","volume":"34","author":"DJ Diemert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009340.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2617","article-title":"TH2, allergy and group 2 innate lymphoid cells","volume":"14","author":"P Licona-Lim\u00f3n","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0009340.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.113","article-title":"Immunity to gastrointestinal nematode infections","volume":"11","author":"D Sorobetea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0009340.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00664","article-title":"Helminth Infections: Recognition and Modulation of the Immune Response by Innate Immune Cells","volume":"9","author":"CC Motran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"pntd.0009340.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1086\/379370","article-title":"Th2 cytokines are associated with reduced worm burdens in a human intestinal helminth infection","volume":"188","author":"JD Turner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009340.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1086\/425014","article-title":"T helper cell type 2 responsiveness predicts future susceptibility to gastrointestinal nematodes in humans","volume":"190","author":"JA Jackson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009340.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.118","article-title":"MK. 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