{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T07:23:31Z","timestamp":1778743411652,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009352","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000}}],"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25257501 and 17H01685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25257501 and 17H01685"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008786","name":"Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03556-R-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03556-R-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The natural infection of sand flies by <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> was investigated in Andean areas located between the Central and Eastern Cordilleras of northern Peru where cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by <jats:italic>Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana<\/jats:italic> is endemic. Sand flies were captured at five locations along the Utcubamba River in the Department of Amazonas, and morphologically identified under a microscope. Among 422 female sand flies dissected, the most dominant species was <jats:italic>Pintomyia verrucarum<\/jats:italic> (320 flies), followed by <jats:italic>Pi<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>maranonensis<\/jats:italic> (83 flies), <jats:italic>Pi<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>robusta<\/jats:italic> (13 flies), and <jats:italic>Lutzomyia castanea<\/jats:italic> (6 flies). Genetic analysis of sand flies from these areas together with those from other areas revealed that individuals of <jats:italic>Pi<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>verrucarum<\/jats:italic> were closely related regardless of morphological variation of their spermathecae. On the other hand, individuals of <jats:italic>Pi<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>maranonensis<\/jats:italic> collected in the study area were distant from those of other areas with genetic distances over the intraspecific level but mostly below the interspecific level, suggesting the unique characteristics of sand flies in this area. The natural infection of sand flies by flagellate parasites was detected mainly in the hindgut of each one of <jats:italic>Pi<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>verrucarum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pi<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>maranonensis<\/jats:italic>. Both parasite species were identified as <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>(V<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>) peruviana<\/jats:italic> based on cytochrome <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic> and mannose phosphate isomerase gene analyses. In addition, parasite species obtained from the lesion of a patient with cutaneous leishmaniasis in the study area in this period was identified as <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>(V<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>) peruviana<\/jats:italic>. These results strongly suggest that <jats:italic>Pi<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>verrucarum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pi<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>maranonensis<\/jats:italic> are responsible for the transmission of <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>(V<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>) peruviana<\/jats:italic> in these areas. This is the first report of the natural infection of <jats:italic>Pi<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>maranonensis by L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>(V<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>) peruviana<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T08:34:50Z","timestamp":1618562090000},"page":"e0009352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Natural infections of Pintomyia verrucarum and Pintomyia maranonensis by Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana in the Eastern Andes of northern Peru"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5429-9536","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hirotomo","family":"Kato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chisato","family":"Seki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2822-0171","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lizandro","family":"Gonzales-Cornejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0507-7002","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abraham G.","family":"Caceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009352.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(99)00046-2","article-title":"The biology and control of phlebotomine sand flies","volume":"17","author":"R. 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