{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:20:06Z","timestamp":1791278406285,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009358","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000}}],"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ID OPP1133139 to WHO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID OPP1133139 to WHO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ID OPP1133139 to WHO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID OPP1133139 to WHO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interventions to control the vectors of human diseases, notably malaria, leishmaniasis and dengue, have relied mainly on the action of chemical insecticides. However, concerns have been raised regarding the management of insecticides in vector-borne disease-endemic countries. Our study aimed to analyze how vector control insecticides are managed in selected countries to extract lessons learned.<\/jats:p><jats:p>A qualitative analysis of the situation of vector control insecticides management was conducted in six countries. Multi-stakeholder meetings and key informer interviews were conducted on aspects covering the pesticide lifecycle. Findings were compared and synthesized to extract lessons learned. Centrally executed guidelines and standards on the management of insecticides offered direction and control in most malaria programs, but were largely lacking from decentralized dengue programs, where practices of procurement, application, safety, storage, and disposal were variable between districts. Decentralized programs were better at facilitating participation of stakeholders and local communities and securing financing from local budgets. However, little coordination existed between malaria, visceral leishmaniasis and dengue programs within countries. Entomological capacity was concentrated in malaria programs at central level, while dengue and visceral leishmaniasis programs were missing out on expertise. Monitoring systems for insecticide resistance in malaria vectors were rarely used for dengue or visceral leishmaniasis vectors. Strategies for insecticide resistance management, where present, did not extend across programs or sectors in most countries. Dengue programs in most countries continued to rely on space spraying which, considering the realities on the ground, call for revision of international guidelines.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Vector control programs in the selected countries were confronted with critical shortcomings in the procurement, application, safety measures, storage, and disposal of vector control insecticides, with implications for the efficiency, effectiveness, and safety of vector control. Further international support is needed to assist countries in situation analysis, action planning and development of national guidelines on vector control insecticide management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T17:49:04Z","timestamp":1619804944000},"page":"e0009358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Management of insecticides for use in disease vector control: Lessons from six countries in Asia and the Middle East"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9983-638X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Henk","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raman","family":"Velayudhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-1204","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rajpal S.","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref001","volume-title":"Global vector control response 2017\u20132030.","author":"WHO","year":"2017"},{"issue":"10159","key":"pntd.0009358.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32335-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"HH Kyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009358.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0491-4","article-title":"Integrating vector control across diseases.","volume":"13","author":"N Golding","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009358.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007831","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007831","article-title":"The importance of vector control for the control and elimination of vector-borne diseases","volume":"14","author":"AL Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009358.ref005","first-page":"942","article-title":"Exploiting the potential of vector control for disease prevention","volume":"83","author":"H Townson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"1645","key":"pntd.0009358.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130431","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0431","article-title":"The role of vector control in stopping the transmission of malaria: threats and opportunities.","volume":"369","author":"J Hemingway","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009358.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006845","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006845","article-title":"Integrated Aedes management for the control of Aedes-borne diseases.","volume":"12","author":"D Roiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"7572","key":"pntd.0009358.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","article-title":"The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015","volume":"526","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009358.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104340","article-title":"Global trends in the use of insecticides to control vector-borne diseases","volume":"120","author":"H van den Berg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref010","volume-title":"The net mapping project","author":"J Milliner","year":"2010"},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref011","unstructured":"WHO. Pesticides and their application for the control of vectors and pests of public health importance. WHO\/CDS\/NTD\/WHOPES\/ GCDPP\/2006.1. Available: http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/hq\/2006\/WHO_CDS_NTD_WHOPES_GCDPP_2006.1_eng.pdf Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006."},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref012","volume-title":"World malaria report 2019.","author":"WHO","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009358.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000211","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2016-000211","article-title":"Developing an expanded vector control toolbox for malaria elimination","volume":"2","author":"GF Killeen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.12.002","article-title":"Malaria vector control: current and future strategies","volume":"25","author":"W Takken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009358.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001262","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001262","article-title":"Lessons from agriculture for the sustainable management of malaria vectors","volume":"9","author":"MB Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009358.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.12.003","article-title":"Global vector control guidelines\u2013the need for co-creation","volume":"35","author":"GJ Devine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.07.027","article-title":"Dengue vector-control services: how do they work? A systematic literature review and country case studies","volume":"104","author":"O Horstick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009358.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0693-4","article-title":"Implementation of the global plan for insecticide resistance management in malaria vectors: progress, challenges and the way forward","volume":"14","author":"AP Mnzava","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0009358.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru101","article-title":"Malaria vector control at crossroads: public health entomology and the drive to elimination","volume":"108","author":"AP Mnzava","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"10086","key":"pntd.0009358.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31376-4","article-title":"Renewed push to strengthen vector control globally","volume":"389","author":"P Alonso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref021","unstructured":"WHO. Handbook for integrated vector management. WHO\/HTM\/NTD\/VEM\/2012.3. Available: http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2012\/9789241502801_eng.pdf. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012."},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref022","volume-title":"Global strategic framework for Integrated Vector Management. WHO document WHO\/CDS\/CPE\/PVC\/2004","author":"WHO","year":"2004"},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140598","article-title":"Pesticide lifecycle management in agriculture and public health: Where are the gaps?","volume":"742","author":"H van den Berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009358.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01378.x","article-title":"Behavioural heterogeneity of Anopheles species in ecologically different localities in Southeast Asia: a challenge for vector control","volume":"10","author":"HD Trung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref025","first-page":"27","journal-title":"January"},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000412","article-title":"Some lessons for the future from the global malaria eradication programme (1955\u20131969)","volume":"8","author":"JA Najera","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref027","volume-title":"Framework for a National Vector Control Needs Assessment.","author":"WHO","year":"2017"},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref028","volume-title":"IRAC mode of action classification scheme","author":"IRAC","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009358.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2899-0","article-title":"Pyrethroid resistance in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in Southeast Asia: present situation and prospects for management","volume":"11","author":"ZH Amelia-Yap","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref030","article-title":"Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in Bangladesh","author":"HM Al-Amin","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009358.ref031","first-page":"1","article-title":"Resistance to commonly used insecticides and underlying mechanisms of resistance in Aedes aegypti (L.) from Sri Lanka","volume":"13","author":"HSD Fernando","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009358.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539517753876","article-title":"Resistance of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations to Deltamethrin, Permethrin, and Temephos in Cambodia","volume":"30","author":"S Boyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref033","unstructured":"WHO. Prequalification Vector Control. http:\/\/www.who.int\/pq-vector-control\/en\/ 2021."},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref034","volume-title":"Guidelines for personal protection when handling and applying pesticides: International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management.","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref035","volume-title":"Space spray application of insecticides for vector and public health pest control: a practitioner\u2019s guide","author":"WHO","year":"2003"},{"issue":"9895","key":"pntd.0009358.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60310-4","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of malaria elimination: new strategies for new challenges","volume":"382","author":"C Cotter","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009358.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4103\/2224-3151.115830","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of dengue in South-East Asia","volume":"2","author":"R Bhatia","year":"2013","journal-title":"WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009358.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001824","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001824","article-title":"Setting international standards for the management of public health pesticides","volume":"12","author":"H van den Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009358.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.256559","article-title":"Strengthening of vector control in South-East Asia: Outcomes from a WHO regional workshop","volume":"55","author":"BN Nagpal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Vector Borne Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009358.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.09.006","article-title":"Harnessing integrated vector management for enhanced disease prevention","volume":"33","author":"E Chanda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-225","article-title":"The architecture and effect of participation: a systematic review of community participation for communicable disease control and elimination. Implications for malaria elimination","volume":"10","author":"JA Atkinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009358.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0209","article-title":"An investment case to prevent the reintroduction of malaria in Sri Lanka","volume":"96","author":"R Shretta","year":"2017","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0009358.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23832","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023832","article-title":"Preventing the reintroduction of malaria in Mauritius: a programmatic and financial assessment","volume":"6","author":"A Tatarsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009358.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2205.150984","article-title":"An operational framework for insecticide resistance management planning","volume":"22","author":"E Chanda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"10029","key":"pntd.0009358.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00417-1","article-title":"Averting a malaria disaster: will insecticide resistance derail malaria control?","volume":"387","author":"J Hemingway","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.40.571","article-title":"Aedes aegypti and Aedes aegypti-borne disease control in the 1990s: top down or bottom up","volume":"40","author":"DJ Gubler","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009358.ref047","first-page":"111","article-title":"Prevention and control of Aedes aegypti-borne diseases: lesson learned from past successes and failures","volume":"19","author":"DJ Gubler","year":"2011","journal-title":"AsPac J Mol Biol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009358.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2008.00740.x","article-title":"Effect of dengue vector control interventions on entomological parameters in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"TE Erlanger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009358.ref049","first-page":"619","article-title":"Effectiveness of peridomestic space spraying with insecticide on dengue transmission; systematic review.","volume":"15","author":"E Esu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009358.ref050","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dengue outbreak response: documented effective interventions and evidence gaps","volume":"1","author":"D Pilger","year":"2010","journal-title":"TropIKAnet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009358.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004551","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004551","article-title":"Is dengue vector control deficient in effectiveness or evidence?: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"LR Bowman","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009358.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.47.709","article-title":"A model of the transmission of dengue fever with an evaluation of the impact of ultra-low volume (ULV) insecticide applications on dengue epidemics","volume":"47","author":"EA Newton","year":"1992","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009358.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/41.5.65","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns in the recovery of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations after insecticide treatment","volume":"44","author":"C Koenraadt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref054","volume-title":"Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control","author":"WHO","year":"2009"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009358.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.01.005","article-title":"Revamping mosquito-borne disease control to tackle future threats","volume":"34","author":"JN Fernandes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref056","first-page":"39","volume-title":"The Pesticide Detox: Towards a More Sustainable Agriculture.","author":"J Pretty","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009358.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742758416000254","article-title":"Effect of dengue mosquito control insecticide thermal fogging on non-target insects","volume":"37","author":"KTN Abeyasuriya","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009358.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2011.00992.x","article-title":"Ultra-low-volume space sprays in mosquito control: a critical review","volume":"26","author":"JAS Bonds","year":"2012","journal-title":"Medical and Veterinary Entomology"},{"key":"pntd.0009358.ref059","volume-title":"Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva 17\u201321 May 2010, Resolutions and decisions. WHA63\/2010\/REC\/1","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009358.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-269","article-title":"Operational efficiency and sustainability of vector control of malaria and dengue: descriptive case studies from the Philippines","volume":"11","author":"H van den Berg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009358","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009358","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:07:24Z","timestamp":1724976444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009358"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tiago","family":"Donatelli Serafim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009358","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009358","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]}}}