{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:03:23Z","timestamp":1790787803408,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009381","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000}}],"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31900156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31900156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Study on etiology, pathogenic mechanism and prevention and control of epidemic Japanese encephalitis in ningxia region, Key research project of ningxia science and technology in 2019","award":["2019BCG01003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019BCG01003"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Major Project of China","award":["2018ZX10711001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX10711001"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Major Project of China","award":["2017ZX10104001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZX10104001"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Major Project of China","award":["2018ZX10713-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX10713-002"]}]},{"name":"the Development Grant of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control","award":["2015SKLID505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015SKLID505"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mosquitoes host and transmit numerous arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) that cause disease in both humans and animals. Effective surveillance of virome profiles in mosquitoes is vital to the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases in northwestern China, where epidemics occur frequently.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mosquitoes were collected in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region (Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region) of China from June to August 2019. Morphological methods were used for taxonomic identification of mosquito species. High-throughput sequencing and metagenomic analysis were used to characterize mosquito viromes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 22,959 mosquitoes were collected, including <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic> (45.7%), <jats:italic>Culex tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic> (40.6%), <jats:italic>Anopheles sinensis<\/jats:italic> (8.4%), <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> (5.2%), and <jats:italic>Armigeres subalbatus<\/jats:italic> (0.1%). In total, 3,014,183 (0.95% of clean reads) viral sequences were identified and assigned to 116 viral species (including pathogens such as Japanese encephalitis virus and Getah virus) in 31 viral families, including <jats:italic>Flaviviridae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Togaviridae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Phasmaviridae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Phenuiviridae<\/jats:italic>, and some unclassified viruses. Mosquitoes collected in July (86 species in 26 families) showed greater viral diversity than those from June and August. <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic> (69 species in 25 families) and <jats:italic>Culex tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic> (73 species in 24 families) carried more viral species than <jats:italic>Anopheles sinensis<\/jats:italic> (50 species in 19 families) or <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> (38 species in 20 families) mosquitoes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Viral diversity and abundance were affected by mosquito species and collection time. The present study elucidates the virome compositions of various mosquito species in northwestern China, improving the understanding of virus transmission dynamics for comparison with those of disease outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T19:52:17Z","timestamp":1619466737000},"page":"e0009381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Metagenomic sequencing reveals viral abundance and diversity in mosquitoes from the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region, China"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9292-5788","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaozhou","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qikai","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8771-7044","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaobai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoshu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songtao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maoxing","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guodong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"33","key":"pntd.0009381.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-018-0002-9","article-title":"Mosquito-Associated Viruses in China.","volume":"1","author":"H Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol Sin."},{"issue":"28","key":"pntd.0009381.ref002","article-title":"Arboviruses and their related infections in China: A comprehensive field and laboratory investigation over the last 3 decades.","volume":"1","author":"G Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol."},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0009381.ref003","article-title":"Natural Infection of Aedes aegypti by Chikungunya and Dengue type 2 Virus in a Transition Area of North-Northeast Brazil.","volume":"12","author":"CF Aragao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"35","key":"pntd.0009381.ref004","first-page":"385","article-title":"Comparisons of Zika Viruses Isolated from Culex Quinquefasciatus and Armigeres Subalbatus Mosquitoes","volume":"03","author":"S Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Virology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009381.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0734-2","article-title":"Stable distinct core eukaryotic viromes in different mosquito species from Guadeloupe, using single mosquito viral metagenomics.","volume":"1","author":"C Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009381.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3390\/v10050222","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Natural Virome of Anopheles Mosquitoes.","volume":"5","author":"F Nanfack Minkeu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009381.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3390\/v8030077","article-title":"Characterization of Viral Communities of Biting Midges and Identification of Novel Thogotovirus Species and Rhabdovirus Genus.","volume":"3","author":"S Temmam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"21","key":"pntd.0009381.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3950","article-title":"Early life dynamics of the human gut virome and bacterial microbiome in infants","volume":"10","author":"ES Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009381.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00359","article-title":"Metagenomic Analysis of Flaviviridae in Mosquito Viromes Isolated From Yunnan Province in China Reveals Genes From Dengue and Zika Viruses.","author":"P Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009381.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01086-2","article-title":"Ecogenomics of virophages and their giant virus hosts assessed through time series metagenomics.","volume":"1","author":"S Roux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"issue":"80","key":"pntd.0009381.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6888","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01525-14","article-title":"High-level diversity of tailed phages, eukaryote-associated viruses, and virophage-like elements in the metaviromes of antarctic soils","volume":"22","author":"O Zablocki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0009381.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111027","article-title":"Viromics Reveal a Number of Novel RNA Viruses in Swedish Mosquitoes.","volume":"11","author":"P Ohlund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"15","key":"pntd.0009381.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-0981-z","article-title":"Genetic characterization of a novel picorna-like virus in Culex spp. mosquitoes from Mozambique.","volume":"1","author":"H Cholleti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol J."},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009381.ref014","article-title":"Metagenomic Virome Analysis of Culex Mosquitoes from Kenya and China.","volume":"1","author":"E Atoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"523","key":"pntd.0009381.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.07.029","article-title":"Virome of >12 thousand Culex mosquitoes from throughout California","author":"M Sadeghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"30","key":"pntd.0009381.ref016","first-page":"502","article-title":"Correlation between Japanese encephalitis epidemic and mosquito vector surveillance results in Longnan, Gansu province, China.","volume":"05","author":"X Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"CHINESE JOURNAL OF VECTOR BIOLOGY AND CONTROL"},{"issue":"20","key":"pntd.0009381.ref017","first-page":"488","article-title":"A primary investigation on mosquito species and mosquito-carried virus in Shaanxi Province.","volume":"05","author":"J Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Hygienic Insecticides & Equipments."},{"issue":"21","key":"pntd.0009381.ref018","first-page":"303","article-title":"Investigation of mosquitoes and mosquito\u2043borne viruses in the Yangtze River Basin within Gansu province","volume":"04","author":"G Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"CHINESE JOURNAL OF VECTOR BIOLOGY AND CONTROL"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0009381.ref019","first-page":"153","article-title":"Investigation of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne arboviruses in Gansu Province, China.","volume":"03","author":"D Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Microbes and Infections"},{"issue":"26","key":"pntd.0009381.ref020","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in China, 2014-2018.","volume":"01","author":"Danwu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chinese journal of Vaccies and Immunization"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0009381.ref021","first-page":"e8312","article-title":"An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis caused by genotype Ib Japanese encephalitis virus in China, 2018: A laboratory and field investigation.","volume":"5","author":"W Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"63","key":"pntd.0009381.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-019-1583-9","article-title":"Characterization of viromes within mosquito species in China.","volume":"7","author":"J Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009381.ref023","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bioinformatic Characterization of Mosquito Viromes within the Eastern United States and Puerto Rico: Discovery of Novel Viruses.","volume":"2","author":"KG Frey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evol Bioinform Online."},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009381.ref024","article-title":"Mapping the virome in wild-caught Aedes aegypti from Cairns and Bangkok.","volume":"1","author":"M Zakrzewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports."},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009381.ref025","article-title":"VIP: an integrated pipeline for metagenomics of virus identification and discovery.","volume":"1","author":"Y Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports."},{"key":"pntd.0009381.ref026","article-title":"TBtools: An Integrative Toolkit Developed for Interactive Analyses of Big Biological Data.","author":"C Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Plant."},{"issue":"18","key":"pntd.0009381.ref027","first-page":"1","article-title":"Arbovirus-the very important pathogen of neglected tropical infectious disease in the world","volume":"01","author":"G. Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"China Tropical Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009381.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.04-04-01118.1984","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing factor: co-expression within distinct subsets of oxytocin-, vasopressin-, and neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus of the male rat","volume":"4","author":"PE Sawchenko","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"16","key":"pntd.0009381.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2013.06.005","article-title":"Virus discovery and recent insights into virus diversity in arthropods","volume":"4","author":"S Junglen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009381.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00295-19","article-title":"Enhanced Molecular Surveillance of Chikungunya Virus.","volume":"4","author":"C Fischer","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSphere."},{"key":"pntd.0009381.ref031","first-page":"1","article-title":"Results and analysis of mosquito density monitoring in three districts of Yinchuan, Ningxia, China, 2016-2018","author":"M Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"CHINESE JOURNAL OF VECTOR BIOLOGY AND CONTROL"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009381.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2015.1040975","article-title":"New technologies in predicting, preventing and controlling emerging infectious diseases.","volume":"6","author":"E. Christaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"540","key":"pntd.0009381.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20167","article-title":"Redefining the invertebrate RNA virosphere","volume":"7634","author":"M Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009381.ref034","first-page":"e121609","article-title":"Metagenomic profile of the viral communities in Rhipicephalus spp. ticks from Yunnan, China.","volume":"3","author":"H Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009381.ref035","first-page":"e129845","article-title":"A metagenomic survey of viral abundance and diversity in mosquitoes from Hubei province.","volume":"6","author":"C Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"33","key":"pntd.0009381.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-018-0015-4","article-title":"Comparative Metagenomic Profiling of Viromes Associated with Four Common Mosquito Species in China.","volume":"1","author":"H Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol Sin."},{"issue":"154","key":"pntd.0009381.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-009-0373-1","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a new mosquito flavivirus, Quang Binh virus, from Vietnam","volume":"5","author":"MB Crabtree","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009381.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0457-9","article-title":"Co-circulation of Aedes flavivirus, Culex flavivirus, and Quang Binh virus in Shanghai, China.","volume":"1","author":"Y Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"180","key":"pntd.0009381.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.12.005","article-title":"Detection of Quang Binh virus from mosquitoes in China","author":"S Zuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"pntd.0009381.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2061-z","article-title":"First isolation and characterization of Getah virus from cattle in northeastern China","volume":"1","author":"H Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"65","key":"pntd.0009381.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12867","article-title":"An outbreak of Getah virus infection among pigs in China, 2017.","volume":"3","author":"T Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"issue":"30","key":"pntd.0009381.ref042","first-page":"210","article-title":"Identification of a Newly Isolated Getah Virus in the China-Laos Border, China","volume":"3","author":"YY Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"issue":"55","key":"pntd.0009381.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.08.016","article-title":"From discovery to spread: The evolution and phylogeny of Getah virus","author":"YY Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0009381.ref044","first-page":"571","article-title":"Emerging of Japanese encephalitis virus and Getah virus from specimen of mosquitoes in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","volume":"04","author":"C Rui","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Journal of Epidemiol"},{"issue":"31","key":"pntd.0009381.ref045","first-page":"2","article-title":"First isolatio and identification of Getah virus SC1210 in Sichuan.","volume":"01","author":"L Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"China Joural of experiemnt and clinical virol."},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0009381.ref046","article-title":"Novel Viruses in Mosquitoes from Brazilian Pantanal.","volume":"10","author":"L Maia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009381.ref047","article-title":"A Novel Anphevirus in Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes Is Distributed Worldwide and Interacts with the Host RNA Interference Pathway","volume":"11","author":"M Manni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009381.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001191","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001191","article-title":"Endogenous viral elements in animal genomes.","volume":"11","author":"A Katzourakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009381","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009381","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T18:55:37Z","timestamp":1620327337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009381"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Bonizzoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009381","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009381","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]}}}