{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:10:16Z","timestamp":1792019416848,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT 2014-2661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2014-2661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PICT 2015-2921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2015-2921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIP No 11220110101146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIP No 11220110101146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005363","name":"Universidad de Buenos Aires","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UBACYT 20020100100944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UBACYT 20020100100944"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005363","name":"Universidad de Buenos Aires","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UBACYT20020130100843BA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UBACYT20020130100843BA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008777","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Bunge y Born","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008777","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Paul G. Allen School for Global Health start-up commitment"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013844","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Mundo Sano","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Wiener"},{"name":"National Coordination of Vector Control"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Interruption of domestic vector-borne transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      is still an unmet goal in several American countries. In 2007 we launched a long-term intervention program aimed to suppress house infestation with the main domestic vector in southern South America (\n                      <jats:italic>Triatoma infestans)<\/jats:italic>\n                      and domestic transmission in Pampa del Indio, a resource-constrained, hyperendemic municipality with 1446 rural houses inhabited by Creole and indigenous people, in the Argentine Chaco ecoregion. Here, we assessed whether the 10-year insecticide-based program combined with community mobilization blocked vector-borne domestic transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      to humans and dogs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We carried out two municipality-wide, cross-sectional serosurveys of humans and dogs (considered sentinel animals) during 2016\u20132017 to compare with baseline data. We used a risk-stratified random sampling design to select 273 study houses; 410 people from 180 households and 492 dogs from 151 houses were examined for antibodies to\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      using at least two serological methods.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The seroprevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      in children aged &lt;16 years was 2.5% in 2017 (i.e., 4- to 11-fold lower than before interventions). The mean annual force of child infection (\u03bb) sharply decreased from 2.18 to 0.34 per 100 person-years in 2017. One of 102 children born after interventions was seropositive for\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; he had lifetime residence in an apparently uninfested house, no outside travel history, and his mother was\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      -seropositive. No incident case was detected among 114 seronegative people of all ages re-examined serologically. Dog seroprevalence was 3.05%. Among native dogs, \u03bb in 2016 (1.21 per 100 dog-years) was 5 times lower than at program onset. Six native adult dogs born after interventions and with stable lifetime residence were\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      -seropositive: three had exposure to\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>infestans<\/jats:italic>\n                      at their houses and one was an incident case.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results support the interruption of vector-borne transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      to humans in rural Pampa del Indio. Congenital transmission was the most likely source of the only seropositive child born after interventions. Residual transmission to dogs was likely related to transient infestations and other transmission routes. Sustained vector control supplemented with human chemotherapy can lead to a substantial reduction of Chagas disease transmission in the Argentine Chaco.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T13:32:53Z","timestamp":1620826373000},"page":"e0009389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Long-term impact of a ten-year intervention program on human and canine Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the Argentine Chaco"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6086-4749","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marta Victoria","family":"Cardinal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo Fabi\u00e1n","family":"Enriquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7141-6957","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Natalia Paula","family":"Macchiaverna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7640-961X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hern\u00e1n Dar\u00edo","family":"Argibay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8645-2267","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mar\u00eda del Pilar","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Alvedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Sol","family":"Gaspe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Esteban","family":"G\u00fcrtler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref001","unstructured":"Global Health Metrics. https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/pb-assets\/Lancet\/gbd\/summaries\/diseases\/chagas-disease.pdf"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Research priorities for Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis. 2018; Technical report series; no. 975."},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0009389.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.06.006","article-title":"Reactivation of Chagas Disease: implications for global health","volume":"31","author":"JC Perez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref004","first-page":"33","article-title":"Chagas disease in Latin America: an epidemiological update based on 2010 estimates","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref005","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Health Statistics Overview: Monitoring Health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva. 2019 Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/311696\/WHO-DAD-2019.1-eng.pdf?ua=1"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref006","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Triatominae: The Biology of Chagas Disease Vectors","author":"RE G\u00fcrtler","year":"2021"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref007","unstructured":"Silveira, AC. El control de la enfermedad de Chagas en los pa\u00edses del Cono Sur de Am\u00e9rica. Historia de una iniciativa internacional 1991\/2001 Silveira AC (Ed.). PAHO, Argentina. 2002."},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref008","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Keeping the vector out: housing improvements for vector control and sustainable development. 2017; World Health Organization, Geneva. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO."},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref009","unstructured":"Panamerican Health Organization, 2018. https:\/\/www.paho.org\/par\/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2011:mision-internacional-certifica-corte-de-transmision-vectorial-de-chagas-en-paraguay&Itemid=258"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref010","unstructured":"National Ministry of Health, 2018. https:\/\/www.argentina.gob.ar\/noticias\/argentina-recibio-reconocimiento-internacional-por-certificar-la-eliminacion-de-la (accessed on January 19th, 2021)."},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.05.029","article-title":"Reservoir host competence and the role of domestic and commensal hosts in the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"151","author":"RE G\u00fcrtler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1060638","article-title":"Modeling household transmission of American trypanosomiasis","volume":"293","author":"JE Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3069-0","article-title":"High levels of human infection with Trypanosoma cruzi associated with the domestic density of infected vectors and hosts in a rural area of northeastern Argentina","volume":"11","author":"MV Cardinal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"41","key":"pntd.0009389.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16194","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700863104","article-title":"Sustainable vector control and management of Chagas disease in the Gran Chaco, Argentina","volume":"104","author":"RE G\u00fcrtler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009389.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0333-z","article-title":"Seropositivity for Trypanosoma cruzi in domestic dogs from Sonora, Mexico","volume":"6","author":"M Arce-Fonseca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.753","article-title":"A prospective study of the effects of sustained vector surveillance following community-wide insecticide application on Trypanosoma cruzi infection of dogs and cats in rural northwestern Argentina","volume":"75","author":"MV Cardinal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.06.007","article-title":"Impact of community-based vector control on house infestation and Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Triatoma infestans, dogs and cats in the Argentine Chaco","volume":"103","author":"MV Cardinal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pntd.0009389.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.04.014","article-title":"The potential of canine sentinels for reemerging Trypanosoma cruzi transmission","volume":"120","author":"R Castillo-Neyra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009389.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0088-2017","article-title":"Natural infection by Trypanosoma cruzi in triatomines and seropositivity for Chagas disease of dogs in rural areas of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil","volume":"51","author":"YBN Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.03.009","article-title":"Molecular and serological detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) suggests potential transmission risk in areas of recent acute Chagas disease outbreaks in Colombia","volume":"141","author":"J Jaimes-Due\u00f1ez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009389.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2008.131843","article-title":"Shelter dogs as sentinels for Trypanosoma cruzi transmission across Texas","volume":"20","author":"TD Tenney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Supl III","key":"pntd.0009389.ref022","first-page":"191","article-title":"The importance of sentinel domestic animals to identify risk areas to the emergence of Chagas disease","volume":"41","author":"ALR Roque","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3247-0","article-title":"Canine Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the Bolivian Chaco","volume":"11","author":"S Gabrielli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0251","article-title":"Heterogeneities in the eco-epidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural communities of the Argentinean Chaco","volume":"90","author":"MV Cardinal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.11.028","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi among wild and domestic mammals in different areas of the Abaetetuba municipality (Par\u00e1 State, Brazil), an endemic Chagas disease transmission area","volume":"193","author":"ALR Roque","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003614","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003614","article-title":"Ecological and sociodemographic determinants of house infestation by Triatoma infestans in indigenous communities of the Argentine Chaco","volume":"9","author":"M Gaspe","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009389.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006804","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006804","article-title":"Beating the odds: sustained Chagas disease vector control in remote indigenous communities of the Argentine Chaco over a seven-year period","volume":"12","author":"MS Gaspe","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1349","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001349","article-title":"Factors affecting infestation by Triatoma infestans in a rural area of the humid Chaco in Argentina: a multi-model inference approach","volume":"5","author":"JM Gurevitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2158","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002158","article-title":"Intensified surveillance and insecticide-based control of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans in the Argentinean Chaco","volume":"7","author":"JM Gurevitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009389.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw224","article-title":"House reinfestation with Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) after community-wide spraying with insecticides in the Argentine Chaco: a multifactorial process","volume":"54","author":"YM Provecho","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref031","article-title":"Human Trypanosoma cruzi infection is driven by eco-social interactions in rural communities of the Argentine Chaco","author":"MP Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019a","journal-title":"PLOS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref032","unstructured":"G\u00fcrtler RE, Cardinal MV, Provecho YM, Enriquez GF, Macchiaverna NP, Rodr\u00edguez Planes LI et al. Hacia la eliminaci\u00f3n de Triatoma infestans en el Municipio de Pampa del Indio, Chaco: efectos de la implementaci\u00f3n de un programa de control integrado durante una d\u00e9cada. XVIII Simposio Internacional sobre Enfermedades Desatendidas, CABA, 5\u20136 october 2017. https:\/\/www.mundosano.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/libro-de-resumenes-2017.pdf"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref033","first-page":"752","volume-title":"Ecorregiones y complejos ecosist\u00e9micos argentinos","author":"J Morello","year":"2012"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11157","article-title":"Unexpected failures to control Chagas disease vectors with pyrethroid spraying in northern Argentina","volume":"49","author":"JM Gurevitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005336","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005336","article-title":"Improving access to Chagas disease diagnosis and etiologic treatment in remote rural communities of the Argentine Chaco through strengthened primary health care and broad social participation","volume":"11","author":"P Sartor","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3444-5","article-title":"Inequalities in the social determinants of health and Chagas disease transmission risk in indigenous and creole households in the Argentine Chaco","volume":"12","author":"MP Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref037","unstructured":"Macchiaverna NP, 2019. El rol de los humanos en la epidemiolog\u00eda molecular del ciclo dom\u00e9stico de transmisi\u00f3n del Trypanosoma cruzi en un \u00e1rea rural del Chaco Argentino. University of Buenos Aires. PhD Thesis."},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref038","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi assays: operational characteristics. Report 1. World Health Organization, 2010."},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.03.001","article-title":"Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in naturally infected dogs and cats using serological, parasitological and molecular methods","volume":"126","author":"GF Enriquez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009213286","article-title":"Interval estimation for a binomial proportion","volume":"16","author":"LD Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2018.05.022","article-title":"Movement and home range of owned free-roaming male dogs in Puerto Natales, Chile","volume":"205","author":"GE P\u00e9rez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref042","unstructured":"R Development Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2012."},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref043","unstructured":"Dorai-Raj, S. binom: Binomial Confidence Intervals For Several Parameterizations. 2014. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=binom"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009389.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref045","unstructured":"Elzhov TV, Mullen KM, Spiess AN, Bolker B. Minpack.lm: R Interface to the Levenberg-Marquardt Nonlinear Least-Squares Algorithm Found in MINPACK, Plus Support for Bounds. 2016. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=minpack.lm"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0009389.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3187","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003187","article-title":"All that glisters is not gold: Sampling-process uncertainty in disease-vector surveys with false-negative and false-positive detections","volume":"8","author":"F Abad-Franch","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref047","unstructured":"OPS\u2014Organizaci\u00f3n Panamericana de Salud. Gu\u00eda de evaluaci\u00f3n de los procesos de control de triatominos y del control de la transmisi\u00f3n transfusional de T. cruzi, OPS\/HCP\/HCT\/196.02, OPS, Washington, 2002;8 pp"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"pntd.0009389.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S108","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822011000800015","article-title":"O inqu\u00e9rito nacional de soropreval\u00eancia de avalia\u00e7\u00e3o do controle da doen\u00e7a de Chagas no Brasil (2001\u20132008)","volume":"44","author":"AL Ostermayer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760160407","article-title":"Chagas disease: national survey of seroprevalence in children under five years of age conducted in 2008","volume":"112","author":"G Russomando","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref050","first-page":"264","article-title":"Serological certification of the interruption of the vectorial transmission of Chagas disease in Chile Rev","volume":"129","author":"HM Lorca","year":"2001","journal-title":"m\u00e9d. Chile"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref051","first-page":"125","article-title":"On bugs and bias: improving Chagas disease control assessment","volume":"109","author":"F Abad-Franch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"#cr-split#-pntd.0009389.ref052.1","unstructured":"Collaborating Group on Chagas Disease Modelling. Insights from quantitative and mathematical modelling on the proposed WHO 2030 goals for Chagas disease [version 1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-pntd.0009389.ref052.2","unstructured":"peer review: 2 approved] Gates Open Research 2019:1539. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/gatesopenres.13069.1)"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref053","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Triatominae: The Biology of Chagas Disease Vectors","author":"RE G\u00fcrtler","year":"2021"},{"issue":"suppl_4","key":"pntd.0009389.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S293","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy006","article-title":"Complementary paths to Chagas Disease elimination: the impact of combining vector control with etiological treatment","volume":"66","author":"ZM Cucunub\u00e1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49891999000500003","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Triatoma infestans and other triatomines: long-term effects of a control program in a rural area of northwestern Argentina","volume":"5","author":"MC Cecere","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pan American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005008772","article-title":"PCR-based identification of Trypanosoma cruzi lineages in feces of triatomine bugs from rural northwestern Argentina","volume":"132","author":"PL Marcet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1349","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001365","article-title":"Hidden sylvatic foci of the main vector of Chagas disease Triatoma infestans: threats to the vector elimination campaign?","volume":"5","author":"LA Ceballos","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.12.010","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Triatoma sordida before and after community-wide residual insecticide spraying in the Argentinean Chaco","volume":"143","author":"NP Macchiaverna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.06.010","article-title":"The sylvatic transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in the humid Chaco of Argentina","volume":"124","author":"JA Alvarado-Otegui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009389.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0530","article-title":"First finding of melanic sylvatic Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Argentine Chaco","volume":"46","author":"LA Ceballos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.104062","article-title":"Human infectiousness and parasite load in chronic patients seropositive for Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural area of the Argentine Chaco","volume":"78","author":"NP Macchiaverna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1978.27.1116","article-title":"House construction, triatomine distribution, and household distribution of seroreactivity to Trypanosoma cruzi in a rural community in Northeastern Brazil","volume":"27","author":"KE Mott","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.866","article-title":"Association between household triatomine density and incidence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection during a nine-year study in Castro Alves, Bahia, Brazil","volume":"34","author":"J Piesman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009389.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e970","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000970","article-title":"A history of Chagas Disease transmission, control, and re-emergence in peri-rural La Joya, Peru","volume":"5","author":"S Delgado","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw002","article-title":"Host-feeding sources and infection by Trypanosoma cruzi of Triatoma infestans and Triatoma eratyrusiformis (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) from the Calchaqui Valleys in Northwestern Argentina","volume":"55","author":"MC Cecere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3849-1","article-title":"Wide distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected triatomines in the State of Bahia, Brazil","volume":"12","author":"G Ribeiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105251","article-title":"Impacts of residual insecticide spraying on house infestation with Triatoma sordida and co-occurrence of Triatoma infestans: a three-year follow-up in northeastern Argentina","volume":"202","author":"LI Rodr\u00edguez-Planes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0519","article-title":"New sylvatic hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi and their reservoir competence in the humid Chaco of Argentina: a longitudinal study","volume":"88","author":"MM Orozco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009389.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201200159X","article-title":"Discrete typing units of Trypanosoma cruzi identified in rural dogs and cats in the humid Argentinean Chaco","volume":"140","author":"GF Enriquez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.10.001","article-title":"New human isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi confirm the predominance of hybrid lineages in domestic transmission cycles of the Argentinean Chaco","volume":"66","author":"NP Macchiaverna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Genetics Evol"},{"issue":"13","key":"pntd.0009389.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.04.010","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of domestic and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina","volume":"38","author":"MV Cardinal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00139-5","article-title":"Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from a geographically restricted endemic area for Chagas\u2019 disease in Argentina","volume":"33","author":"P Diosque","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007694","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007694","article-title":"Congenital Chagas disease: updated recommendations for prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of newborns and siblings, girls, women of childbearing age, and pregnant women","volume":"13","author":"Y Carlier","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009389.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0901.020274","article-title":"Congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Argentina","volume":"9","author":"RE G\u00fcrtler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009389.ref075","first-page":"81","article-title":"Transmisi\u00f3n cong\u00e9nita de Trypanosoma cruzi. Argentina 2002\u20132014","volume":"79","author":"E Danesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicina (Buenos Aires)"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref076","unstructured":"Panamerican Health Organization. EMTCT Plus: Framework for elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B, and Chagas. 2017. https:\/\/iris.paho.org\/handle\/10665.2\/34306"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.04.042","article-title":"Is the infectiousness of dogs naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi associated with poliparasitism?","volume":"223","author":"GF Enriquez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.06.004","article-title":"Canine Chagas\u2019 disease (American trypanosomiasis) in North America","volume":"39","author":"SC Barr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1740.1","article-title":"Oral transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi with opposing evidence for the theory of carnivory","volume":"95","author":"DM Roellig","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762002000400006","article-title":"Chagas disease in dogs from endemic areas of Costa Rica","volume":"97","author":"V Montenegro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009389.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.04.015","article-title":"Evidence-based vector control? Improving the quality of vector control trials","volume":"31","author":"AL Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref082","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Planes LI, 2018. An\u00e1lisis espacio-temporal de los patrones de infestaci\u00f3n por vectores de la Enfermedad de Chagas en viviendas rurales del Chaco argentino: domesticaci\u00f3n y heterogeneidad. University of Buenos Aires. PhD Thesis."},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref083","volume-title":"Dog Parasites Endangering Human Health","author":"RE G\u00fcrtler","year":"2020"},{"key":"pntd.0009389.ref084","first-page":"179","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi (TC) and risk factors in Colima, Mexico","volume":"153","author":"OA Newton-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gac Med Mex"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009389.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2358","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002358","article-title":"Epidemiology of and impact of insecticide spraying on Chagas Disease in communities in the Bolivian Chaco","volume":"7","author":"AM Samuels","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009389","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T13:34:22Z","timestamp":1620826462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009389"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alberto Novaes","family":"Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009389","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]}}}