{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T23:38:13Z","timestamp":1779233893148,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007896","name":"Curtis and Doris K. Hankamer Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007896","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI099483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI099483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging, mosquito-borne alphavirus responsible for acute to chronic arthralgias and neuropathies. Although it originated in central Africa, recent reports of disease have come from many parts of the world, including the Americas. While limiting human CHIKV cases through mosquito control has been used, it has not been entirely successful. There are currently no licensed vaccines or treatments specific for CHIKV disease, thus more work is needed to develop effective countermeasures. Current animal research on CHIKV is often not representative of human disease. Most models use CHIKV needle inoculation via unnatural routes to create immediate viremia and localized clinical signs; these methods neglect the natural route of transmission (the mosquito vector bite) and the associated human immune response. Since mosquito saliva has been shown to have a profound effect on viral pathogenesis, we evaluated a novel model of infection that included the natural vector,<jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>species mosquitoes, transmitting CHIKV to mice containing components of the human immune system. Humanized mice infected by 3\u20136 mosquito bites showed signs of systemic infection, with demonstrable viremia (by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescent antibody assay), mild to moderate clinical signs (by observation, histology, and immunohistochemistry), and immune responses consistent with human infection (by flow cytometry and IgM ELISA). This model should give a better understanding of human CHIKV disease and allow for more realistic evaluations of mechanisms of pathogenesis, prophylaxis, and treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T17:32:51Z","timestamp":1623259971000},"page":"e0009427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Mosquito-bite infection of humanized mice with chikungunya virus produces systemic disease with long-term effects"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4786-8352","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brianne M.","family":"Hibl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4016-4929","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Natalie J. M.","family":"Dailey Garnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6243-4096","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander R.","family":"Kneubehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4520-3077","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Megan B.","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Spencer Clinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6216-1000","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebecca R.","family":"Rico-Hesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009427.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2008.140333","article-title":"Movement of chikungunya virus into the Western hemisphere","volume":"20","author":"RS Nasci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref002","unstructured":"Pan-American Health Organization, World Health Organization. Countries\/territories with autochthonous transmission or imported cases of Chikungunya in the Americas, EW 49, 2013-EW10, 2017 2017 [March 14, 2017]. http:\/\/www.paho.org\/hq\/images\/stories\/AD\/HSD\/IR\/Viral_Diseases\/Chikungunya\/CHIKV-Data-Caribbean-2017-EW-10.jpg."},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"pntd.0009427.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82858-0","article-title":"Changing patterns of chikungunya virus: re-emergence of a zoonotic arbovirus","volume":"88","author":"AM Powers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref004","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Chikungunya in the French part of the Caribbean isle of Saint Martin 2013 [March 14, 2017]. http:\/\/who.int\/csr\/don\/2013_12_10a\/en\/."},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"pntd.0009427.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S441","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw390","article-title":"Epidemiology of Chikungunya in the Americas","volume":"214","author":"S Yactayo","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"suppl_5","key":"pntd.0009427.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S436","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw391","article-title":"Chikungunya: Its History in Africa and Asia and Its Spread to New Regions in 2013\u20132014","volume":"214","author":"H Zeller","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref007","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Chikungunya Fact Sheet 2017 [cited 2019 September 1]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/chikungunya."},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.11.017","article-title":"Study of viremic profile in febrile specimens of chikungunya in Bandung, Indonesia","volume":"74","author":"SF Riswari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Virology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009427.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.84131","article-title":"Prevalence of chikungunya in urban field practice area of a private medical college, chennai","volume":"36","author":"SM Balasubramaniam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2174\/1874312901610010129","article-title":"A Review of Chikungunya Virus-induced Arthralgia: Clinical Manifestations, Therapeutics, and Pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"BA Goupil","year":"2016","journal-title":"The open rheumatology journal"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009427.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-015-3302-5","article-title":"How many patients with post-chikungunya chronic inflammatory rheumatism can we expect in the new endemic areas of Latin America?","volume":"35","author":"AJ Rodriguez-Morales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref012","first-page":"56","article-title":"Clinical and Epidemiological Follow-up of Patients with Arthralgia Post Probable Chikungunya Referred to a Rheumatology Clinic at a Tertiary Hospital in Trinidad and Tobago","volume":"5","author":"T Rosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"WIMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009427.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2137","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002137","article-title":"Chikungunya virus-associated long-term arthralgia: a 36-month prospective longitudinal study","volume":"7","author":"C Schilte","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009427.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268808001167","article-title":"Atypical Chikungunya virus infections: clinical manifestations, mortality and risk factors for severe disease during the 2005\u20132006 outbreak on Reunion","volume":"137","author":"A Economopoulou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009427.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1212.060710","article-title":"Chikungunya disease outbreak, Reunion Island","volume":"12","author":"L Josseran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0009427.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3180616d4f","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of Chikungunya virus infection","volume":"26","author":"D Ramful","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0755-4982(06)74690-5","article-title":"Vertical maternal fetal transmission of the chikungunya virus. Ten cases among 84 pregnant women","volume":"35","author":"PY Robillard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"pntd.0009427.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S475","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw245","article-title":"Surveillance for Chikungunya and Dengue During the First Year of Chikungunya Virus Circulation in Puerto Rico","volume":"214","author":"TM Sharp","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009427.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7603","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007603","article-title":"Prospective study of Chikungunya virus acute infection in the Island of La Reunion during the 2005\u20132006 outbreak","volume":"4","author":"F Staikowsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009427.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2996","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002996","article-title":"Neurocognitive outcome of children exposed to perinatal mother-to-child Chikungunya virus infection: the CHIMERE cohort study on Reunion Island","volume":"8","author":"P Gerardin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009427.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.02.024","article-title":"Chikungunya infection: self-reported rheumatic morbidity and impaired quality of life persist 6 years later","volume":"21","author":"C Marimoutou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009427.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1978","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1978","article-title":"The neurological complications of chikungunya virus: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"R Mehta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009427.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2010.7.313","article-title":"Vector control for the Chikungunya disease","volume":"7","author":"Y Dumont","year":"2010","journal-title":"Math Biosci Eng"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"pntd.0009427.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S510","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw370","article-title":"Chikungunya in the Americas: Recommendations and Conclusions","volume":"214","author":"BS Graham","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"pntd.0009427.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S482","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw284","article-title":"Animal Models of Chikungunya Virus Infection and Disease","volume":"214","author":"NN Haese","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009427.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.2174\/138945011795677836","article-title":"Applications of animal models of infectious arthritis in drug discovery: a focus on alphaviral disease","volume":"12","author":"L Herrero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009427.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI40104","article-title":"Chikungunya disease in nonhuman primates involves long-term viral persistence in macrophages","volume":"120","author":"K Labadie","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009427.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3390\/v9120368","article-title":"Chikungunya Virus: Pathophysiology, Mechanism, and Modeling","volume":"9","author":"VK Ganesan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-484-5_33","article-title":"A mouse model of chikungunya virus with utility in antiviral studies","volume":"1030","author":"A Dagley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2010.11.018","article-title":"A mouse model of chikungunya virus-induced musculoskeletal inflammatory disease: evidence of arthritis, tenosynovitis, myositis, and persistence","volume":"178","author":"TE Morrison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"pntd.0009427.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-012-8266-x","article-title":"Mouse models for Chikungunya virus: deciphering immune mechanisms responsible for disease and pathology","volume":"53","author":"TH Teo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3618-2_19","article-title":"Mouse Models of Chikungunya Virus","volume":"1426","author":"LJ Herrero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009427.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42392","article-title":"A nonhuman primate model of chikungunya disease","volume":"120","author":"S Higgs","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009427.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003800","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003800","article-title":"A Rodent Model of Chikungunya Virus Infection in RAG1 -\/- Mice, with Features of Persistence, for Vaccine Safety Evaluation","volume":"9","author":"RL Seymour","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"16","key":"pntd.0009427.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8021","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02603-09","article-title":"Chikungunya virus arthritis in adult wild-type mice","volume":"84","author":"J Gardner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009427.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0696","article-title":"Viremia in North American Mammals and Birds After Experimental Infection with Chikungunya Viruses","volume":"94","author":"AM Bosco-Lauth","year":"2016","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0009427.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0207554","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207554","article-title":"A scoping review of published literature on chikungunya virus","volume":"13","author":"M Mascarenhas","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009427.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3390\/v11020175","article-title":"Tropism of the Chikungunya Virus","volume":"11","author":"G Matusali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009427.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12137","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012137","article-title":"Host Immune Response to Mosquito-Transmitted Chikungunya Virus Differs from That Elicited by Needle Inoculated Virus","volume":"5","author":"S Thangamani","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009427.ref040","article-title":"Mosquito Saliva Reshapes Alphavirus Infection and Immunopathogenesis","volume":"92","author":"SW Fong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.10.003","article-title":"Dissecting vectorial capacity for mosquito-borne viruses","volume":"15","author":"LD Kramer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current opinion in virology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009427.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.04.003","article-title":"Mosquito Biting Modulates Skin Response to Virus Infection","volume":"33","author":"M Pingen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009427.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006439","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006439","article-title":"Mosquito saliva alone has profound effects on the human immune system","volume":"12","author":"MB Vogt","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0009427.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7637","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00534-12","article-title":"Mosquito Bite Delivery of Dengue Virus Enhances Immunogenicity and Pathogenesis in Humanized Mice","volume":"86","author":"J Cox","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02222-8","article-title":"Infection via mosquito bite alters Zika virus tissue tropism and replication kinetics in rhesus macaques","volume":"8","author":"DM Dudley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009427.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.3.261","article-title":"Mosquito Feeding-Induced Enhancement of Cache Valley Virus (Bunyaviridae) Infection in Mice","volume":"35","author":"JF Edwards","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/17.1.1","article-title":"Aedes Triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and La Crosse Virus: II. Modification of mosquito feeding behavior by virus infection1","volume":"17","author":"PR Grimstad","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00022","article-title":"Arbovirus-Mosquito Vector-Host Interactions and the Impact on Transmission and Disease Pathogenesis of Arboviruses","volume":"10","author":"Y-JS Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1838-1","article-title":"Chikungunya virus transmission between Aedes albopictus and laboratory mice","volume":"9","author":"LE Hugo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009427.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.608-637.2005","article-title":"Biological transmission of arboviruses: reexamination of and new insights into components, mechanisms, and unique traits as well as their evolutionary trends","volume":"18","author":"G Kuno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy179","article-title":"Mosquito Saliva: The Hope for a Universal Arbovirus Vaccine?","volume":"218","author":"JE Manning","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008191","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008191","article-title":"Route of inoculation and mosquito vector exposure modulate dengue virus replication kinetics and immune responses in rhesus macaques","volume":"14","author":"M McCracken","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009427.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1966.15.775","article-title":"Cytopathic effect of Semliki Forest virus in the mosquito Aedes aegypti","volume":"15","author":"CA Mims","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"17","key":"pntd.0009427.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8638","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00581-09","article-title":"Humanized mice show clinical signs of dengue fever according to infecting virus genotype","volume":"83","author":"J Mota","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009427.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.01.024","article-title":"The enhancement of arbovirus transmission and disease by mosquito saliva is associated with modulation of the host immune response","volume":"102","author":"BS Schneider","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009427.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50464","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050464","article-title":"Visualizing Non Infectious and Infectious Anopheles gambiae Blood Feedings in Naive and Saliva-Immunized Mice","volume":"7","author":"V Choumet","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009427.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2013.05.012","article-title":"Humanized mice for the study of infectious diseases","volume":"25","author":"MA Brehm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009427.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307856","article-title":"Characterisation of liver pathogenesis, human immune responses and drug testing in a humanised mouse model of HCV infection","volume":"65","author":"CT Keng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.05.013","article-title":"Superior human leukocyte reconstitution and susceptibility to vaginal HIV transmission in humanized NOD-scid IL-2Rgamma(-\/-) (NSG) BLT mice","volume":"417","author":"CA Stoddart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref060","unstructured":"National Research Council (US) Committee for the Update of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. 8th ed. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2011."},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"pntd.0009427.ref061","first-page":"471","article-title":"Re-emergence of Chikungunya and O\u2019nyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships","volume":"81","author":"AM Powers","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12906","article-title":"A Hitchhiker\u2019s guide to humanized mice: new pathways to studying viral infections","volume":"154","author":"JK Skelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-052016-100332","article-title":"Humanized Mouse Models of Clinical Disease","volume":"12","author":"NC Walsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annual review of pathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009427.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-018-0506-x","article-title":"Humanized Mice as Unique Tools for Human-Specific Studies","volume":"66","author":"KSM Yong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archivum immunologiae et therapiae experimentalis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009427.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1974.23.1153","article-title":"The Use of Mosquitoes to Detect and Propagate Dengue Viruses","volume":"23","author":"L Rosen","year":"1974","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1455","article-title":"Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse","volume":"7","author":"DJ Langford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pntd.0009427.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2004.11.002","article-title":"Development of a TaqMan RT-PCR assay without RNA extraction step for the detection and quantification of African Chikungunya viruses","volume":"124","author":"B Pastorino","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009427.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3329\/bjmed.v28i2.33352","article-title":"Chikungunya\u2014An Emerging threat for Bangladesh","volume":"28","author":"Q Islam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bangladesh Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.60355","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of Chikungunya fever: lessons learned from the re-emerging epidemic","volume":"55","author":"A Mohan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian journal of dermatology"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416975-3.00012-1","volume-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases","author":"G Rezza","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70294-3","article-title":"Clinical burden of chikungunya virus infection","volume":"8","author":"B Queyriaux","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009427.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(13)60046-5","article-title":"Clinical and pathological findings of concurrent poxvirus lesions and aspergillosis infection in canaries","volume":"3","author":"K Reza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1086\/518701","article-title":"Chikungunya Fever in Travelers: Clinical Presentation and Course","volume":"45","author":"W Taubitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009427.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1086\/605496","article-title":"Chikungunya Fever: An Epidemiological Review of a Re-Emerging Infectious Disease","volume":"49","author":"JE Staples","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0009427.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0184911","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184911","article-title":"Anesthetic effects and body weight changes associated with ketamine-xylazine-lidocaine administered to CD-1 mice","volume":"12","author":"U Dholakia","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009427.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5895","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005895","article-title":"Chikungunya virus and Aedes mosquitoes: saliva is infectious as soon as two days after oral infection","volume":"4","author":"M Dubrulle","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref077","first-page":"e65","article-title":"Minimum infectious dose for chikungunya virus in Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes","volume":"41","author":"JP Ledermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009427.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/insects10020039","article-title":"Analysis of Salivary Glands and Saliva from Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti Infected with Chikungunya Viruses","volume":"10","author":"I Sanchez-Vargas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insects"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009427.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003780","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003780","article-title":"Chikungunya Virus Transmission Potential by Local Aedes Mosquitoes in the Americas and Europe","volume":"9","author":"A Vega-R\u00faa","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0009427.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-017-0694-0","article-title":"Chikungunya Virus-Associated Disease","volume":"19","author":"C Hua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Rheumatology Reports"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"pntd.0009427.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S446","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw362","article-title":"Chikungunya Pathogenesis: From the Clinics to the Bench","volume":"214","author":"P Gasque","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009427.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12575","article-title":"The risk of blood transfusion\u2013associated Chikungunya fever during the 2009 epidemic in Songkhla Province, Thailand","volume":"54","author":"H Appassakij","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2368","article-title":"Biology and pathogenesis of chikungunya virus","volume":"8","author":"O Schwartz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0804-7","article-title":"Chikungunya virus infection in Cynomolgus macaques following Intradermal and aerosol exposure","volume":"14","author":"CM Cirimotich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009427.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0139481","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139481","article-title":"Infectious Chikungunya Virus in the Saliva of Mice, Monkeys and Humans","volume":"10","author":"J Gardner","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009427.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0171989","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171989","article-title":"The neutralizing role of IgM during early Chikungunya virus infection","volume":"12","author":"C-L Chua","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"pntd.0009427.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S471","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw274","article-title":"Laboratory Diagnosis of Chikungunya Virus Infections and Commercial Sources for Diagnostic Assays","volume":"214","author":"BW Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009427.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI84417","article-title":"Chikungunya virus: epidemiology, replication, disease mechanisms, and prospective intervention strategies","volume":"127","author":"LA Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of clinical investigation"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009427.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0155243","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155243","article-title":"Novel Lesions of Bones and Joints Associated with Chikungunya Virus Infection in Two Mouse Models of Disease: New Insights into Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"BA Goupil","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009427.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2011.03.005","article-title":"Arthritis after infection with Chikungunya virus","volume":"25","author":"S Ali Ou Alla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009427.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2009.12.006","article-title":"Chikungunya fever: CNS infection and pathologies of a re-emerging arbovirus","volume":"91","author":"T Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"Progress in Neurobiology"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref092","unstructured":"Goupil BA. Chikungunya Virus Infection-Associated Bone and Joint Disease: LSU; 2016."},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009427.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2008.03478.x","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of chikungunya fever: observations made during a recent outbreak in south India","volume":"47","author":"AC Inamadar","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Dermatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-200","article-title":"Destructive arthritis in a patient with chikungunya virus infection with persistent specific IgM antibodies","volume":"9","author":"D Malvy","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-009-0986-0","article-title":"Severe bullous skin lesions associated with Chikungunya virus infection in small infants","volume":"169","author":"S Robin","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref096","first-page":"4","article-title":"Role of Wild-type and Recombinant Human T-cell Leukemia Viruses in Lymphoproliferative Disease in Humanized NSG Mice","volume":"68","author":"DD Huey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comparative medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009427.ref097","first-page":"317","article-title":"Type, duration, and incidence of pathologic findings after retroorbital bleeding of mice by experienced and novice personnel","volume":"54","author":"JH Fried","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science: JAALAS"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00345","article-title":"Cellular and Molecular Immune Response to Chikungunya Virus Infection","volume":"8","author":"ISB Tanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009427.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004499","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004499","article-title":"Longitudinal Analysis of Natural Killer Cells in Dengue Virus-Infected Patients in Comparison to Chikungunya and Chikungunya\/Dengue Virus-Infected Patients","volume":"10","author":"C Petitdemange","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-015-0037-z","article-title":"Protective and Pathogenic Responses to Chikungunya Virus Infection","volume":"2","author":"KM Long","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current tropical medicine reports"},{"issue":"15","key":"pntd.0009427.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7893","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00998-15","article-title":"Expanding Regulatory T Cells Alleviates Chikungunya Virus-Induced Pathology in Mice","volume":"89","author":"WWL Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref102","article-title":"Active Infection of Human Blood Monocytes by Chikungunya Virus Triggers an Innate Immune Response","author":"Z Her","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009427.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3123","article-title":"Control of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system","volume":"16","author":"A Iwasaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1RU0814-382","article-title":"CD4+\/CD8+ double-positive T cells: more than just a developmental stage?","volume":"97","author":"NH Overgaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Leukocyte Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009427.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-12-4395","article-title":"Peripheral CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells are differentiated effector memory cells with antiviral functions","volume":"104","author":"M Nascimbeni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009427.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2523","article-title":"Transcriptional reprogramming of mature CD4(+) helper T cells generates distinct MHC class II-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"14","author":"D Mucida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009427.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1086\/515674","article-title":"Persistent expansion, in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected person, of V beta-restricted CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes that express cytotoxicity-associated molecules and are committed to produce interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha","volume":"178","author":"L Weiss","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0009427.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4289","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103701","article-title":"CD4+CD8+ T cells represent a significant portion of the anti-HIV T cell response to acute HIV infection","volume":"188","author":"MA Frahm","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009427.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.67.6.757","article-title":"Interleukin-16","volume":"67","author":"WW Cruikshank","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009427.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93293","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093293","article-title":"Peripheral CD4CD8 double positive T cells with a distinct helper cytokine profile are increased in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"9","author":"D Quandt","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009427.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12345","article-title":"Analysis of CD4+ CD8+ double-positive T cells in blood, cerebrospinal fluid and multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"177","author":"A Waschbisch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"20","key":"pntd.0009427.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11025","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.20.11025","article-title":"Essential requirement of an invariant V alpha 14 T cell antigen receptor expression in the development of natural killer T cells","volume":"93","author":"M Taniguchi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009427.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.180.3.1097","article-title":"An invariant T cell receptor alpha chain is used by a unique subset of major histocompatibility complex class I-specific CD4+ and CD4-8- T cells in mice and humans","volume":"180","author":"O Lantz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"6797","key":"pntd.0009427.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/35021233","article-title":"CD1-restricted T-cell responses and microbial infection","volume":"406","author":"SH Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009427.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3RU0315-099R","article-title":"Interferon at the crossroads of allergy and viral infections","volume":"98","author":"SR Gonzales-van Horn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/973516","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alphavirus-Induced Arthritis","volume":"2013","author":"I Assuncao-Miranda","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009427.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6862","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03364-13","article-title":"CCR2 deficiency promotes exacerbated chronic erosive neutrophil-dominated chikungunya virus arthritis","volume":"88","author":"YS Poo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009427.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4047","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201240","article-title":"Genetic ablation of arginase 1 in macrophages and neutrophils enhances clearance of an arthritogenic alphavirus","volume":"189","author":"KA Stoermer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009427.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2015.08.004","article-title":"The Chikungunya Epidemic: A look at five cases","volume":"2","author":"B Shiferaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.133","article-title":"An animal model for studying the pathogenesis of chikungunya virus infection","volume":"79","author":"SA Ziegler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref121","first-page":"3","article-title":"Type I interferon receptor knockout mice as models for infection of highly pathogenic viruses with outbreak potential","volume":"39","author":"G Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zool Res"},{"issue":"22","key":"pntd.0009427.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01419","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01419-17","article-title":"Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 Protects against Chikungunya Virus-Induced Immunopathology by Restricting Infection in Muscle Cells","volume":"91","author":"S Nair","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009427.ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-017-0583-3","article-title":"Interferon regulated gene (IRG) expression-signature in a mouse model of chikungunya virus neurovirulence","volume":"23","author":"SR Nair","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.09.016","article-title":"Antiviral treatment efficiently inhibits chikungunya virus infection in the joints of mice during the acute but not during the chronic phase of the infection","volume":"149","author":"R Abdelnabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009427.ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5697","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01611-12","article-title":"Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Regulates Chikungunya Virus Pathogenesis in Mice","volume":"87","author":"KM Long","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009427.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92813","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092813","article-title":"Characterization of Chikungunya Virus Induced Host Response in a Mouse Model of Viral Myositis","volume":"9","author":"R Dhanwani","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009427.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.06.076","article-title":"Pathogenic Chikungunya Virus Evades B Cell Responses to Establish Persistence","volume":"16","author":"DW Hawman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell reports"},{"issue":"24","key":"pntd.0009427.ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13878","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02666-13","article-title":"Chronic joint disease caused by persistent Chikungunya virus infection is controlled by the adaptive immune response","volume":"87","author":"DW Hawman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20305-4","article-title":"Antibody-mediated enhancement aggravates chikungunya virus infection and disease severity","volume":"8","author":"FM Lum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009427.ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3354","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003354","article-title":"Multiple immune factors are involved in controlling acute and chronic chikungunya virus infection","volume":"8","author":"YS Poo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009427.ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102741","article-title":"Inflammatory spleen monocytes can upregulate CD11c expression without converting into dendritic cells","volume":"188","author":"SB Drutman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009427.ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4557","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis368","article-title":"Interleukin 6, RANKL, and osteoprotegerin expression by chikungunya virus-infected human osteoblasts","volume":"206","author":"M Noret","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009427.ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.08.011","article-title":"Osteoclastogenesis induced by CHIKV-infected fibroblast-like synoviocytes: a possible interplay between synoviocytes and monocytes\/macrophages in CHIKV-induced arthralgia\/arthritis","volume":"177","author":"W Phuklia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009427.ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2017.0052","article-title":"Chikungunya Virus-Induced Arthritis: Role of Host and Viral Factors in the Pathogenesis","volume":"30","author":"S Amdekar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12888","article-title":"Human dendritic cell subsets: an update","volume":"154","author":"M Collin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref136","first-page":"1223","article-title":"AB0046 Tofacitnib impairs monocyte-derived dendritic cell differentiation in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis","volume":"77","author":"V Marzaioli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009427.ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2009.185","article-title":"Dendritic cells as targets for therapy in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"5","author":"S Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009427.ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6295","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300304","article-title":"An essential role of antibodies in the control of Chikungunya virus infection","volume":"190","author":"F-M Lum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md: 1950)"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009427.ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2343","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002343","article-title":"Chikungunya virus infection results in higher and persistent viral replication in aged rhesus macaques due to defects in anti-viral immunity","volume":"7","author":"I Messaoudi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005238","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005238","article-title":"Molecular Mimicry between Chikungunya Virus and Host Components: A Possible Mechanism for the Arthritic Manifestations","volume":"11","author":"V Reddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009427.ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.04.134","article-title":"The role of CD4 T cell help for CD8 CTL activation","volume":"384","author":"S Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq006","article-title":"The acute phase of Chikungunya virus infection in humans is associated with strong innate immunity and T CD8 cell activation","volume":"204","author":"N Wauquier","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009427.ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39027","article-title":"Chikungunya viral arthritis in the United States: a mimic of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"67","author":"JJ Miner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"pntd.0009427.ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.07.025","article-title":"Humanized mouse models to study human cell-mediated and humoral responses to dengue virus","volume":"25","author":"A Mathew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current opinion in virology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0009427.ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3311","article-title":"Humanized mice for immune system investigation: progress, promise and challenges","volume":"12","author":"LD Shultz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature reviews Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009427.ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03441.x","article-title":"The expanding family of interleukin-1 cytokines and their role in destructive inflammatory disorders","volume":"149","author":"HE Barksby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical and experimental immunology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009427.ref147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1279","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001279","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokine Expression Is Associated with Chikungunya Virus Resolution and Symptom Severity","volume":"5","author":"AA Kelvin","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009427.ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4261","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004261","article-title":"IL-1beta, IL-6, and RANTES as biomarkers of Chikungunya severity","volume":"4","author":"LFP Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009427.ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01606","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01606-18","article-title":"Chikungunya Virus Fidelity Variants Exhibit Differential Attenuation and Population Diversity in Cell Culture and Adult Mice","volume":"93","author":"KK Riemersma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010503","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009427","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T13:35:18Z","timestamp":1672407318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009427"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Holbrook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009427","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010503","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]}}}