{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:28:28Z","timestamp":1791559708103,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009458","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000}}],"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000867","name":"Commonwealth Scholarship Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NGCN-2016-165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NGCN-2016-165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> parasites present strong but geographically varied signatures of population structure. Populations sampled from Europe and North America have commonly been defined by over-representation of a small number of clonal types, in contrast to greater diversity in South America. The occurrence and extent of genetic diversity in African <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> populations remains understudied, undermining assessments of risk and transmission. The present study was designed to establish the occurrence, genotype and phylogeny of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> in meat samples collected from livestock produced for human consumption (free-range chickens, n = 173; pigs, n = 211), comparing with <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> detected in blood samples collected from seropositive pregnant women (n = 91) in Benue state, Nigeria. The presence of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> DNA was determined using a published nested polymerase chain reaction, targeting the 529 bp multicopy gene element. Samples with the highest parasite load (assessed using quantitative PCR) were selected for PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) targeting the surface antigen 3 (SAG3), SAG2 (5\u2019 and 3\u2019), beta-tubulin (BTUB) and dense granule protein 6 (GRA6) loci, and the apicoplast genome (Apico). <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> DNA was detected in all three of the populations sampled, presenting 30.6, 31.3 and 25.3% occurrence in free-range chickens, pigs and seropositive pregnant women, respectively. Quantitative-PCR indicated low parasite occurrence in most positive samples, limiting some further molecular analyses. PCR-RFLP results suggested that <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> circulating in the sampled populations presented with a type II genetic background, although all included a hybrid type I\/II or II\/III haplotype. Concatenation of aligned RFLP amplicon sequences revealed limited diversity with nine haplotypes and little indication of host species-specific or spatially distributed sub-populations. Samples collected from humans shared haplotypes with free-range chickens and\/or pigs. Africa remains under-explored for <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>gondii<\/jats:italic> genetic diversity and this study provides the first detailed definition of haplotypes circulating in human and animal populations in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,3]],"date-time":"2021-06-03T03:55:55Z","timestamp":1622692555000},"page":"e0009458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Detection and genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii circulating in free-range chickens, pigs and seropositive pregnant women in Benue state, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6404-8597","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ifeoma N.","family":"Nzelu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob K. 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