{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T08:08:50Z","timestamp":1771661330928,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009462","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000}}],"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"World Health Organisation","award":["AFDPC1409683 and 62027 and 2015\/523210-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AFDPC1409683 and 62027 and 2015\/523210-01"]}]},{"name":"The Taskforce for Global Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A national mapping survey of schistosomiasis (SCH) and soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) was conducted in The Gambia in May, 2015. The survey aimed at establishing endemicity of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases to inform decisions on program planning and implementation of mass drug administration (MDA).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A cross-section of 10,434 eligible school aged children (SAC), aged 7 to 14 years old were enrolled in the survey. The participants were randomly sampled from 209 schools countrywide using N\/50, where N = total eligible children per school. Stool, and urine samples were provided by each child and examined for schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthic infections using double Kato-Katz, urine filtration, dipstick techniques and CCA rapid test kits. Data were managed using online LINKS system enabling real-time data availability and access. Epi Info version 3.5.3 and health mapper version 4.3.2 were used to generate outputs of endemicity and distribution. Descriptions of mapped districts for MDA eligibility and frequency were done with reference to WHO PC strategy recommendations. Mapping results indicated that nationally, the prevalence of schistosomiasis (SCH) and soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) was 4.3% and 2.5% respectively. In terms of distribution STH are more common in Western Region One (WR1) at 4.1% prevalence, then Lower River Region (LRR) 3.6%, and Western Region Two (WR2) 3.0%. In contrast, SCH indicated much higher prevalence in Central River Region (CRR) at a rate of 14.2%. This is within medium prevalence range, and is followed by Upper River Region (URR) at 9.4%, which is within low prevalence range. At the district level, schistosomiasis prevalence seems to be highest in Niani district (22%) in CRR. Banjul island, the capital city, seems to have the highest prevalence of STH (up to 55%), followed by Kombo South with 22% prevalence. <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> characterised by haematuria, was the most dominant infection of schistosomiasis discovered followed by <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> which reported in 0.1% of infections. Out of 42 districts mapped 14, or 38%, of them are co-endemic for soil-transmitted helminthiases <jats:italic>(<\/jats:italic>ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hook-worm infections) and schistosomiasis <jats:italic>(S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni)<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We identified that 24\/42(57%) districts mapped in The Gambia are endemic for schistosomiasis expressing the need for preventive chemotherapy. Twenty (47%) of the districts mapped are endemic for STH. However, only two STH endemic districts namely Banjul (55%) and Kombo South (22%) were within rates eligible for mass drug administration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T17:55:37Z","timestamp":1626976537000},"page":"e0009462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Mapping survey of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases towards mass drug administration in The Gambia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8912-0716","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yaya","family":"Camara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bakary","family":"Sanneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ebrima","family":"Joof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdoulie M.","family":"Sanyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sana M.","family":"Sambou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alhagie Papa","family":"Sey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatou O.","family":"Sowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amadou Woury","family":"Jallow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3337-4546","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Balla","family":"Jatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharmila","family":"Lareef-Jah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sainey","family":"Sanneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flobert","family":"Njiokou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdoulie","family":"Jack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serign Jawo","family":"Ceesay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chinyere","family":"Ukaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009462.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Regional Office for Africa (2012a). Neglected tropical diseases. Available at: http:\/\/www.AFRO.who.int\/en\/clusters-a-programmes\/dpc\/neglected-tropicaldiseases\/overview.html. (Accessed: 09\/09\/2014)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009462.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-37","article-title":"Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010","volume":"7","author":"RL Pullan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009462.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000412","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden","volume":"3","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009462.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2496","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002496","article-title":"Ten Global \u2018\u2018Hotspots\u201d for the Neglected Tropical Diseases","volume":"8","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009462.ref005","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (2007); Report of the first global partners\u2019 meeting on neglected tropical diseases: a turning point, Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO\/CDS\/NTD\/2007.4). https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/69740."},{"key":"pntd.0009462.ref006","first-page":"1","article-title":"Elimination of schistosomiasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012","journal-title":"WHA Resolution 65.21"},{"key":"pntd.0009462.ref007","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012","journal-title":"A master plan for National Neglected Tropical Diseases Programmes in the African Region"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009462.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1954.11685626","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in The Gambia: II\u2014The Epidemiology and Distribution of Urinary Schistosomiasis","volume":"48","author":"BO Duke","year":"1954","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009462.ref009","unstructured":"Jack, AD, (1989), Chemotherapy in the Control of Schistosoma haematobium infections in The Gambia: A Primary Health Care Approach. (Ph.D thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine)."},{"key":"pntd.0009462.ref010","unstructured":"The Gambia National Master Plan Neglected Tropical Diseases 2015\u20132020, (2014). https:\/\/espen.afro.who.int\/system\/files\/content\/resources\/GAMBIA_NTD_Master_Plan_2015_2020.pdf"},{"key":"pntd.0009462.ref011","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guide for Mapping Neglected Tropical Diseases Amenable to Preventive Chemotherapy in the African Region (WHO; 2012). https:\/\/www.eliminateschisto.org\/sites\/gsa\/files\/content\/attachments\/2020-02-13\/AFRO%20NTD%20Mapping%20Guide%20vFeb2014_Revised%20March%202018.pdf"},{"key":"pntd.0009462.ref012","unstructured":"The Gambia Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (2014). Neglected Tropical Diseases Situational Analysis Report (MOHSW 2014),"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009462.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0182003","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182003","article-title":"Field evaluation of a schistosome circulating cathodic antigen rapid test kit at point-of-care for mapping of schistosomiasis endemic districts in The Gambia","volume":"12","author":"B Sanneh","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009462.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1954.11685626","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in The Gambia. II. The epidemiology and distribution of urinary Schistosomiasis","volume":"48","author":"B DUKE","year":"1954","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009462.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-14","article-title":"High prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in two communities in South Darfur: implication for interventions","volume":"4","author":"K Deribe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009462.ref016","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiases: Coordinated use of Anthelminthic drugs in Control Interventions: A manual for health professionals and programme managers (WHO, 2006). https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/43545"},{"key":"pntd.0009462.ref017","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 2015. Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis: coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers. World Health Organization Press, Geneva. (WHO 2015), Schistosomiasis, A major public health problem http:\/\/www.who.int\/schistosomiasis\/en\/."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009462","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009462","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T17:38:07Z","timestamp":1628012287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009462"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"jong-Yil","family":"Chai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009462","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009462","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]}}}