{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:25:01Z","timestamp":1791599101840,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013844","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Mundo Sano","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"CONICET","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PhD scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) are highly prevalent Neglected Tropical Disease in Ethiopia, an estimated 26 million are infected. Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies assist data mapping and analysis, and the prediction of the spatial distribution of infection in relation to environmental variables. The influence of socioeconomic, environmental and soil characteristics on hookworm infection at the individual and household level is explored in order to identify spatial patterns of infection in rural villages from Zenzelema (Amhara region). Inhabitants greater than 5 years old were recruited in order to assess the presence of STH. Socioeconomic and hookworm infection variables at the household level and environmental variables and soil characteristics using RS were obtained. The dominant STH found was hookworm. Individuals which practiced open defecation and those without electricity had a significant higher number of hookworm eggs in their stool. Additionally, adults showed statistically higher hookworm egg counts than children. Nonetheless, the probability of hookworm infection was not determined by socioeconomic conditions but by environmental characteristics surrounding the households, including a combination of vigorous vegetation and bare soil, high temperatures, and compacted soils (high bulk density) with more acidic pH, given a pH of 6.0 is optimal for hatching of hookworm eggs. The identification of high-risk environmental areas provides a useful tool for planning, targeting and monitoring of control measures, including not only children but also adults when hookworm is concerned.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T17:22:17Z","timestamp":1624382537000},"page":"e0009466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Environmental characteristics around the household and their association with hookworm infection in rural communities from Bahir Dar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Melaku","family":"Anegagrie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Lanfri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aranzazu Amor","family":"Aramendia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1717-3923","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos Mat\u00edas","family":"Scavuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6508-3818","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zaida","family":"Herrador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8229-5540","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1470-5146","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Victoria","family":"Periago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009466.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000412","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden","volume":"3","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10159","key":"pntd.0009466.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32335-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"GBD 2017 DALYs and HALE Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pntd.0009466.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i34","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihw007","article-title":"Ethiopia and its steps to mobilize resources to achieve 2020 elimination and control goals for neglected tropical diseases: Spider webs joined can tie a lion","volume":"8","author":"B Mengitsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-240","article-title":"The burden of neglected tropical diseases in Ethiopia, and opportunities for integrated control and elimination","volume":"5","author":"K Deribe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref005","volume-title":"Ethiopia national master plan for neglected tropical diseases (2016\u20132020)","author":"Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health","year":"2016","edition":"2"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009466.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.2539","article-title":"Epidemiology of soil-transmitted helminths, Schistosoma mansoni, and haematocrit values among schoolchildren in Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"B Abera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1912-8","article-title":"High prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis in school-aged children in a rural highland of north-western Ethiopia: the role of intensive diagnostic work-up","volume":"9","author":"A Amor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009466.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008315","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008315","article-title":"Epidemiology of intestinal helminthiases in a rural community of Ethiopia: Is it time to expand control programs to include Strongyloides stercoralis and the entire community?","volume":"14","author":"AA Aramendia","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009466.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0555-3","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis in Ethiopia: systematic review on risk factors, diagnosis, prevalence and clinical outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Y Terefe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref010","volume-title":"Ethiopia national master plan for neglected tropical diseases (2013\u20132015)","author":"FMOH (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health)","year":"2013"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref011","volume-title":"Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths national action plan","author":"Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health","year":"2014"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pntd.0009466.ref012","first-page":"75","article-title":"Ethiopia schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthes control programme: progress and prospects","volume":"55","author":"N Negussu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ethiop Med J"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(00)47011-9","article-title":"The potential of geographical information systems and remote sensing in the epidemiology and control of human helminth infections","volume":"47","author":"S Brooker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009466.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008000","article-title":"Risk map development for soil-transmitted helminth infections in Argentina","volume":"14","author":"E Alvarez Di Fino","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS Negl Tropical Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-152","article-title":"Modelling the geographical distribution of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Bolivia","volume":"6","author":"F Chammartin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0009466.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6048-7","article-title":"MaxEnt modeling of soil-transmitted helminth infection distributions in Thailand","volume":"117","author":"J Chaiyos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-359","article-title":"Bayesian geostatistical modelling of soil-transmitted helminth survey data in the People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"6","author":"YS Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009466.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003740","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003740","article-title":"Bayesian geostatistical model-based estimates of soil-transmitted helminth infection in Nigeria, including annual deworming requirements","volume":"9","author":"AS Oluwole","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0168-z","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal parasitism among two indigenous sub-ethnic groups in Peninsular Malaysia","volume":"5","author":"YT Chin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3679-9","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections, anemia and undernutrition among school children in Yirgacheffee, South Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"E Molla","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009466.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3232-7","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasites and the absence of soil-transmitted helminths in A\u00f1atuya, Santiago del Estero, Argentina","volume":"11","author":"MV Periago","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009466.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013626","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013626","article-title":"Soil transmitted helminthiasis in indigenous groups. A community cross sectional study in the Amazonian southern border region of Ecuador","volume":"7","author":"N Romero-Sandoval","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2016.02.009","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal helminthic infections and malnutrition among schoolchildren of the Zegie Peninsula, northwestern Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"M Abdia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009466.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0704","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors or soil-transmitted helminth infection among children living with and without open defecation practices in Northwest Ethiopia: A comparative cross-sectional study","volume":"103","author":"C Muluneh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med and Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009466.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3008-0","article-title":"Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths and Schistosoma mansoni among a population-based sample of school-age children in Amhara region, Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"AW Nute","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref026","volume-title":"Core questions on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene for household surveys: 2018 update","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009466.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2008.231","article-title":"Spatial distribution of soil transmitted helminths, including Strongyloides stercoralis, among children in Zanzibar","volume":"3","author":"S Knopp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009466.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70071-9","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infection in South America: a systematic review and geostatistical meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"F Chammartin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-440","article-title":"Spatio-temporal distribution of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Brazil","volume":"7","author":"F Chammartin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref030","first-page":"24921627","article-title":"High prevalence and spatial distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis in rural Cambodia","author":"V Khieu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009466.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3107-y","article-title":"Spatial distribution and populations at risk of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura co-infections and infection intensity classes: an ecological study","volume":"11","author":"K Owada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009466.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e352","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000352","article-title":"Human helminth co-infection: analysis of spatial patterns and risk factors in a Brazilian community","volume":"2","author":"RL Pullan","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009466.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2013.91","article-title":"Role of malnutrition and parasite infections in the spatial variation in children\u2019s anaemia risk in northern Angola","volume":"7","author":"RJ Soares Magalhaes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref034","article-title":"Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS.","author":"JW Rouse","year":"1974","journal-title":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 3d ERTS-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009466.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(89)90046-1","article-title":"Detection of changes in leaf water content using near-and middle-infrared reflectances","volume":"30","author":"ER Hunt","year":"1989","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009466.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000200","DOI":"10.4172\/2469-4134.1000200","article-title":"Estimation of soil moisture percentage using Landsat-based moisture stress index","volume":"6","author":"P Welikhe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Remote Sens & GIS"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009466.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160304987","article-title":"Use of normalized difference built-up index in automatically mapping urban areas from TM imagery","volume":"24","author":"Y Zha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Remote Sens"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009466.ref038","first-page":"39","article-title":"Tropical forest cover density mapping","volume":"43","author":"A Rikimaru","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trop Ecol"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref039","unstructured":"ISRIC World Soil Information (2020). https:\/\/www.isric.org\/projects\/africa-soil-information-service-afsis. Accessed 25 April 25 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009466.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2008.0047","article-title":"Comparison of soil pH methods on soils of North America","volume":"74","author":"RO Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soil Sci Soc Am J"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref041","article-title":"Information management services SaTScan: software for the spatial and space\u2013time scan statistics, version 4.0 [computer program]","author":"M. Kulldorff","year":"2003"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref042","article-title":"A scan statistic for continuous data based on the normal probability model","author":"M Kulldorff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref043","author":"A Montresor","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1207","key":"pntd.0009466.ref044","first-page":"405","article-title":"Population ecology of intestinal helminth infections in human communities","volume":"321","author":"DAP Bundy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref045","first-page":"133","author":"JE Truscott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil-Transmitted Helminths. Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009466.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01317-13","article-title":"Randomized, Controlled, Assessor-Blind Clinical Trial To Assess the Efficacy of Single- versus Repeated-Dose Albendazole To Treat Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Hookworm Infection","volume":"58","author":"AA Adegnika","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0009466.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30289-0","article-title":"Multiple-dose versus single-dose ivermectin for Strongyloides stercoralis infection (Strong Treat 1 to 4): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomised controlled superiority trial","volume":"19","author":"D Buonfrate","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009466.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12205","article-title":"Prevalence and clustering of soil-transmitted helminth infections in a tribal area in southern India","volume":"18","author":"SP Kaliappan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref049","first-page":"7658594","article-title":"Prevalence, intensity of soil-transmitted helminths, and factors associated with infection: importance in control program with ivermectin and albendazole in Eastern C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","author":"A Loukouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009466.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01841.x","article-title":"Risk factors for Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm in urban farming communities in western Cote d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"12","author":"B Matthys","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009466.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12333-z","article-title":"Agricultural land-uses consistently exacerbate infectious disease risks in Southeast Asia","volume":"10","author":"HA Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref052","first-page":"3687873","article-title":"Prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infection among rural community of Southwest Ethiopia: a community-based study","author":"E Tekalign","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009466.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.2563","article-title":"Risk of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among agrarian communities of Kogi State, Nigeria","volume":"85","author":"JT Anunobi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009466.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004515","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004515","article-title":"School water, sanitation, and hygiene, soil-transmitted helminths, and schistosomes: national mapping in Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"JET Grimes","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2020-0","article-title":"Association of community sanitation usage with soil-transmitted helminth infections among school-aged children in Amhara Region, Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"WE Oswald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009466.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-36342003000500008","article-title":"Intestinal parasites in children, in highly deprived areas in the border region of Chiapas, Mexico","volume":"45","author":"EM Morales-Espinoza","year":"2003","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009466.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-266","article-title":"Can chemotherapy alone eliminate the transmission of soil transmitted helminths?","volume":"7","author":"JE Truscott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref058","first-page":"238","article-title":"Children enteroparasitosis in north east Argentine urban area","volume":"67","author":"AM Milano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Medicina (B Aires)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009466.ref059","first-page":"81","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of soil-transmitted helminths","volume":"7","author":"SC Parija","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009466.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S111","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2012.129","article-title":"Modelling the ecological niche of hookworm in Brazil based on climate","volume":"6","author":"NB Mudenda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009466.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2013.58","article-title":"Spatial analysis and risk mapping of soil-transmitted helminth infection in Brazil, using Bayesian geostatical models","volume":"8","author":"RGC Scholte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009466.ref062","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of physico-chemical parameters of soils in fallowing farmlands and pit toilet environments as it affects the abundance of geohelminthes in Emohua Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"O Ovutor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Res Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04001","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/201912504001","article-title":"Environmental factors and prevalence of hookworm infection and strongyloidiasis in Rural East Kalimantan, Indonesia","volume":"125","author":"B Sedionoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"E3S Web of Conferences"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref064","article-title":"Integrated guide to sanitary parasitology","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004","journal-title":"WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.104","article-title":"Exploring the determinants of open defecation in Nigeria using demographic and health survey data","volume":"637\u2013638","author":"IR Abubakar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pntd.0009466.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075840","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3075840","article-title":"Determinants of Open Defecation in the Wa Municipality of Ghana: Empirical Findings Highlighting Sociocultural and Economic Dynamics among Households","volume":"2019","author":"IK Osumanu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009466.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01511-6","article-title":"Open defecation-free slippage and its associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"TA Abebe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009466","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T17:23:20Z","timestamp":1624382600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009466"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Subash","family":"Babu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009466","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]}}}