{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T08:03:39Z","timestamp":1772179419189,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Poverty Foundation, Basel"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Schistosomiasis, caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      , is of great significance to public health in sub\u2013Saharan Africa. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), information on the burden of\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection is scarce, which hinders the implementation of adequate control measures. We assessed the geographical distribution of\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection across Ituri province in north-eastern DRC and determined the prevailing risk factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two province\u2013wide, community\u2013based studies were conducted. In 2016, a geographical distribution study was carried out in 46 randomly selected villages across Ituri. In 2017, an in\u2013depth study was conducted in 12 purposively\u2013selected villages, across the province. Households were randomly selected, and members were enrolled. In 2016, one stool sample was collected per participant, while in 2017, several samples were collected per participant.\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      eggs were detected using the Kato\u2013Katz technique. In 2017, a point\u2013of\u2013care circulating cathodic\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigen (POC\u2013CCA) urine test was the second used diagnostic approach. Household and individual questionnaires were used to collect data on demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, behavioural and knowledge risk factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 2,131 participants in 2016, 40.0% were positive of\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. Infection prevalence in the villages ranged from 0 to 90.2%. Of the 707 participants in 2017, 73.1% were tested positive for\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Prevalence ranged from 52.8 to 95.0% across the health districts visited. Infection prevalence increased from north to south and from west to east. Exposure to the waters of Lake Albert and the villages\u2019 altitude above sea level were associated with the distribution.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Infection prevalence and intensity peaked in the age groups between 10 and 29 years. Preschool children were highly infected (62.3%). Key risk factors were poor housing structure (odds ratio [OR] 2.1, 95% 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02\u20134.35), close proximity to water bodies (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.1\u20132.49), long-term residence in a community (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.11\u20131.79), lack of latrine in the household (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.11\u20133.60), and swimming (OR 2.53, 95% CI 1.20\u20135.32) and washing (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.10\u20132.78) in local water bodies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results show that\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      is highly endemic and a major health concern in Ituri province, DRC. Infection prevalence and intensity, and the prevailing socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioural risk factors in Ituri reflect intense exposure and alarming transmission rates. A robust plan of action is urgently needed in the province.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T13:42:40Z","timestamp":1638452560000},"page":"e0009486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Epidemiology of Schistosoma mansoni infection in Ituri Province, north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0687-5604","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maurice M.","family":"Nigo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Odermatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9219-5778","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Georgette B.","family":"Salieb\u2013Beugelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8494-7792","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oleksii","family":"Morozov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6638-3679","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manuel","family":"Battegay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1880-5117","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Hunziker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009486.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.11.012","article-title":"Parasites and poverty: The case of schistosomiasis","volume":"113","author":"CH King","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009486.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2012.12.001","article-title":"Hepatic and intestinal schistosomiasis: review.","volume":"4","author":"T Elbaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"issue":"87","key":"pntd.0009486.ref003","first-page":"37","article-title":"Schistosomiasis: population requiring preventive chemotherapy and number of people treated in 2010.","volume":"4","author":"WHO","year":"2012"},{"key":"pntd.0009486.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0280-8","article-title":"Building a global schistosomiasis alliance: an opportunity to join forces to fight inequality and rural poverty.","volume":"6","author":"L Savioli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty."},{"key":"pntd.0009486.ref005","first-page":"62","volume-title":"Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis: coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers.","author":"World Health Organization., Crompton DWT","year":"2006"},{"key":"pntd.0009486.ref006","unstructured":"WHO. 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