{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T21:22:35Z","timestamp":1789075355766,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009510","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625616000000}}],"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Most of the\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections occur in developing countries. The risk factors for\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections are poverty, overcrowding, and unhygienic conditions, which are common problems in under-privileged countries such as Nepal. Despite having a high risk of\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections, no national level study has been conducted to assess prevalence and correlates of\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in Nepal. Therefore, we hypothesized that micronutrients such as iron, vitamin B12 deficiency, socio-economic status, and nutritional status correlate with the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in Nepal.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We studied prevalence and correlates of\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection among under-five children, adolescents aged 10\u201319 years and married non-pregnant women aged 20\u201349 years using data from the Nepal National Micronutrient Status Survey 2016 (NNMSS-2016).\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection was examined in stool of 6\u201359 months old children and 20\u201349 years old non-pregnant women whereas the rapid diagnostic kit using blood sample was used among adolescent boys and girls.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection was 18.2% among 6\u201359 months old children, 14% among adolescent boys and 16% among adolescent girls aged 10\u201319 years; and 40% among 20\u201349 years non-pregnant women. Poor socioeconomic status, crowding, and unhygienic condition were found to be positively associated with higher incidence of\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections. No significant correlation was observed between nutritional and micronutrients status (iron or risk of folate deficiency) with\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Findings from this study suggest that poverty-associated markers are primary contributors of\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections in Nepalese communities. To control acquisition and persistence of\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in Nepal, we suggest improved management of safe drinking water and implementation of sanitation and hygiene programs, with a focus on those of lower socioeconomic status.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T13:41:06Z","timestamp":1624282866000},"page":"e0009510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Prevalence and correlates of Helicobacter pylori infection among under-five children, adolescent and non-pregnant women in Nepal: Further analysis of Nepal national micronutrient status survey 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