{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:14:08Z","timestamp":1790723648181,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009555","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000}}],"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection 10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection 10-IAHU-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is a major public health problem affecting children under the age of five in many low- and middle-income countries, and its resolution would contribute towards achieving the several sustainable development goals. The etiology of SAM is pluri-factorial, including delayed maturation of the gut microbiota, suboptimal feeding practices and dysfunctional breastfeeding. The recent serendipitous detection of <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> in the breast milk of Malian women, in contrast to French women, suggests a possible association with SAM.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/ Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To investigate the possible association of <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> carriage in breast milk and SAM, a case-control study was performed in Senegal, with subjects recruited from two areas. Using 16S amplicon sequencing, a culture independent method, 100% (152\/152) of the mothers were positive for <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> in their breast milk while qPCR analysis gave lower recovery rates. Interestingly, after enrichment in Fraser broth and seeding on PALCALM agar, all 10 isolated strains were isolated from the milk of 10 mothers who had SAM children which also had a significantly increased relative abundance of <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> (0.34 (SD 0.35) vs 0.05 (SD 0.07) in controls, p&lt;0.0001). The high genomic similarity between these strains and Malian breast milk strains from a previous study supports the hypothesis of endemic clone carriage in West Africa. Moreover, the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> growth inhibition of <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> using breast milk samples was obtained from only 50% of the milk of mothers who had SAM children, in contrast to control samples which systematically inhibited the growth of <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> with a higher inhibition diameter (15.7 mm (SD 2.3) in controls versus 3.5 mm (SD 4.6) in SAM, p = 0.0001). <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> isolated from the breast milk of controls inhibit <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> in a species-dependent manner.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our study reveals a previously unsuspected carriage of <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> in the breast milk of West African women, which is associated with SAM. The inhibitory effect of human selected lactic acid bacterial species against <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>monocytogenes<\/jats:italic> might provide new therapeutic and inexpensive options to prevent and treat this neglected public health issue.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T17:22:46Z","timestamp":1624987366000},"page":"e0009555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Listeria monocytogenes clone in human breast milk associated with severe acute malnutrition in West Africa: A multicentric case-controlled study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mari\u00e8ma","family":"Sarr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0167-6235","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maryam","family":"Tidjani Alou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Delerce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9303-3893","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saber","family":"Khelaifia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nafissatou","family":"Diagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0792-6722","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aldiouma","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6507-1764","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hubert","family":"Bassene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludivine","family":"Br\u00e9chard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Bossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babacar","family":"Mbaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Christophe","family":"Lagier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Levasseur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheikh","family":"Sokhna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5556-6947","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthieu","family":"Million","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0633-5974","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Didier","family":"Raoult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017084","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017084","article-title":"Determinants of severe acute malnutrition among children under 5 years of age in Nepal: a community-based case-control study","volume":"7","author":"NK Pravana","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2499\/9780896295841","volume-title":"Global Nutrition Report 2016 From Promise to Impact Ending Malnutrition by 2030","author":"Research Institute (IFPRI) IFP","year":"2016"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0219745","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219745","article-title":"Severe acute malnutrition and mortality in children in the community: Comparison of indicators in a multi-country pooled analysis.","volume":"14","author":"C Schwinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE."},{"key":"#cr-split#-pntd.0009555.ref004.1","unstructured":"Bichard A, Leturque H. Int\u00e9gration de la nutrition dans les politiques et programmes des secteurs contributeurs (2015)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-pntd.0009555.ref004.2","unstructured":"rapport de synth\u00e8se d'une \u00e9tude r\u00e9gionale portant sur l'Afrique de l'ouest-Recherche Google. [cited 18 Nov 2020]. Available from: https:\/\/www.actioncontrelafaim.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/acf_iramintegrationnutrition.pdf."},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detecting severe acute malnutrition in children under five at scale. The Challenges of Anthropometry to Reach the Missed Millions.","volume":"3","author":"W Hammond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Disord Ther."},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref006","first-page":"651","article-title":"Oedematous malnutrition.","volume":"130","author":"T Ahmed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref007","article-title":"Gut microbiota and malnutrition","author":"M Million","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1229000","article-title":"Gut Microbiomes of Malawian Twin Pairs Discordant for Kwashiorkor","volume":"339","author":"MI Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26051","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26051","article-title":"Increased Gut Redox and Depletion of Anaerobic and Methanogenic Prokaryotes in Severe Acute Malnutrition.","volume":"6","author":"M Million","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00899","article-title":"Gut Bacteria Missing in Severe Acute Malnutrition, Can We Identify Potential Probiotics by Culturomics?","volume":"8","author":"M Tidjani Alou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104702","article-title":"Difference between kwashiorkor and marasmus: Comparative meta-analysis of pathogenic characteristics and implications for treatment","volume":"150","author":"T-P-T Pham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9084","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45611-3","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Alteration is Characterized by a Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria Bloom in Kwashiorkor and a Bacteroidetes Paucity in Marasmus.","volume":"9","author":"T-P-T Pham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.8.48.423","article-title":"A nutritional disease of childhood associated with a maize diet","volume":"8","author":"CD Williams","year":"1933","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2012.10.002","article-title":"Human Milk Composition: Nutrients and Bioactive Factors.","volume":"60","author":"O Ballard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am."},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2018-0317","article-title":"Repertoire of human breast and milk microbiota: a systematic review.","volume":"14","author":"A Togo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40597","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40597","article-title":"The Composition of Human Milk and Infant Faecal Microbiota Over the First Three Months of Life: A Pilot Study.","volume":"7","author":"K Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90276-0","article-title":"Transmission of Listeria monocytogenes from mother\u2019s milk to her baby and to puppies","volume":"2","author":"M Svabi\u0107-Vlahovi\u0107","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.09.008","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes in human milk in Mali: A potential health emergency.","volume":"80","author":"AH Togo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30521-7","article-title":"Clinical features and prognostic factors of listeriosis: the MONALISA national prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"C Charlier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD","article-title":"Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.","volume":"335","author":"E von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref021","unstructured":"World Health Organization, UNICEF. WHO child growth standards and the identification of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children: a joint statement by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children\u2019s Fund. 2009. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK200775\/."},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref022","unstructured":"WHO Anthro Survey Analyser and other tools. [cited 19 Dec 2020]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/child-growth-standards\/software."},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7063","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007063","article-title":"High prevalence of Methanobrevibacter smithii and Methanosphaera stadtmanae detected in the human gut using an improved DNA detection protocol","volume":"4","author":"B Dridi","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26276","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26276","article-title":"Glycans affect DNA extraction and induce substantial differences in gut metagenomic studies","volume":"6","author":"E Angelakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1897208","article-title":"Running after ghosts: are dead bacteria the dark matter of the human gut microbiota?","volume":"13","author":"S Bellali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/156177a0","article-title":"A New Test for 2 \u00d7 2 Tables","volume":"156","author":"GA Barnard","year":"1945","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1608-0","article-title":"Bra\u0131n abscess due to Streptococcus intermedius secondary to mastoiditis in a child.","volume":"4","author":"N Yakut","year":"2015","journal-title":"SpringerPlus."},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12030","article-title":"The complex microbiota of raw milk","volume":"37","author":"L Quigley","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.08.017","article-title":"Occurrence and growth of Listeria monocytogenes in packaged raw milk","volume":"261","author":"H Castro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.08.013","article-title":"Human breast milk: A review on its composition and bioactivity.","volume":"91","author":"NJ Andreas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13421","article-title":"Persistent gut microbiota immaturity in malnourished Bangladeshi children","volume":"510","author":"S Subramanian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1218418110","article-title":"Occam\u2019s razor and probiotics activity on Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"110","author":"M Million","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16684","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1212809109","article-title":"Impact of lactobacilli on orally acquired listeriosis","volume":"109","author":"C Archambaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4650","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02599-07","article-title":"Oral Administration of Lactobacillus Strains Isolated from Breast Milk as an Alternative for the Treatment of Infectious Mastitis during Lactation","volume":"74","author":"E Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1086\/652763","article-title":"Treatment of infectious mastitis during lactation: antibiotics versus oral administration of Lactobacilli isolated from breast milk","volume":"50","author":"R Arroyo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ974","article-title":"Prevention of Infectious Mastitis by Oral Administration of Lactobacillus salivarius PS2 During Late Pregnancy","volume":"62","author":"L Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"pntd.0009555.ref037","first-page":"2169","article-title":"Antagonistic activity of probiotic lactobacilli against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis","volume":"4","author":"NA Soleimani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009555","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009555","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T21:20:42Z","timestamp":1626816042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009555"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Subash","family":"Babu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009555","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009555","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]}}}