{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:09:00Z","timestamp":1791065340562,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009569","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627257600000}}],"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"mtn\/oceac"},{"name":"university of dschang"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011858","name":"African Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["H3A\/18\/004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H3A\/18\/004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"university of maroua"},{"name":"university of yaounde 1."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Determining <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> infection rate and intensity is challenging due to the low sensitivity of the Kato-Katz (KK) test that underestimates the true disease prevalence. Circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) excreted in urine is constantly produced by adult worms and has been used as the basis of a simple, non-invasive point of care test (POC-CCA) for <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> infections. Although the abundance of CCA in urine is proportional to worm burden, the POC-CCA test is marketed as a qualitative test, making it difficult to investigate the wide range of infection intensities. This study was designed to compare the prevalence and intensity of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> by KK and POC-CCA and quantify, on fresh and frozen (&lt;-20\u00b0C) urine samples, CCA using the visual scores and the ESEquant LR3 reader.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Stool and urine samples were collected from 759 school-aged children. The prevalence and intensity of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> were determined using KK and POC-CCA. The degree of the positivity of POC-CCA was estimated by quantifying CCA on fresh and frozen urine samples using visual scores and strip reader. The prevalence, the infection intensity as well the relative amounts of CCA were compared.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> infection rates inferred from POC-CCA and KK were 40.7% and 9.4% respectively. Good correlations were observed between infection intensities recorded by; i) the reader and visual scoring system on fresh (Rho = 0.89) and frozen samples (Rho = 0.97), ii) the reader on fresh urine samples and KK (epg) (Rho = 0.44). Nevertheless, 238 POC-CCA positive children were negative for KK, and sixteen of them had high levels of CCA. The correlation between results from the reader on fresh and frozen samples was good (Rho = 0.85). On frozen samples, CCA was not detected in 55 samples that were positive in fresh urine samples.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study confirmed the low sensitivity of KK and the high capacity of POC-CCA to provide reliable data on the prevalence and intensity of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> infections. The lateral flow reader enabled accurate quantification of CCA under field conditions on fresh and frozen urine samples with less time and effort than KK.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T17:52:49Z","timestamp":1626285169000},"page":"e0009569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Field assessment in Cameroon of a reader of POC-CCA lateral flow strips for the quantification of Schistosoma mansoni circulating cathodic antigen in urine"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Estelle Mezajou","family":"Mewamba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnol Auvaker Zebaze","family":"Tiofack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyrille Nguemnang","family":"Kamdem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romuald Isaka Kamwa","family":"Ngassam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mureille Carole Tchami","family":"Mbagnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2741-2921","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oscar","family":"Nyangiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0656-200X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harry","family":"Noyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilaire Marcaire","family":"Womeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flobert","family":"Njiokou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0449-818X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gustave","family":"Simo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009569.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000412","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden","volume":"3","author":"P Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. 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