{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:10:15Z","timestamp":1792019415847,"version":"4.4.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009574","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000}}],"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Updating the distribution and natural infection status of triatomine bugs is critical for planning, prioritizing, and implementing strategies to control Chagas disease (CD), especially after vector reduction programs. After carrying out a control program, the Department of Boyaca contains the highest number of Colombian municipalities certified by PAHO to be free of intradomiciliary transmission of <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic> by <jats:italic>Rhodnius prolixus<\/jats:italic>. The present work describes the spatial distribution, natural infection (NI), and molecular characterization of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic> in synanthropic triatomines from the Department of Boyaca in 2017 and 2018.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>An entomological survey was conducted in 52 municipalities in Boyaca known to have had previous infestations of triatomine bugs. Insects were collected through active searches carried out by technical personnel from the Secretary of Health and community members using Triatomine Collection Stations (PITs-acronym in Spanish). For evaluation of natural infection, triatomines were identified morphologically and grouped in pools of one to five individuals of the same species collected in the same household. DNA derived from the feces of each pool of insects was analyzed by PCR for the presence of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic> using primers flanking the satellite DNA of the parasite. SL-IR primers were used to differentiate TCI from the other DTUs and to identify different genotypes. The distribution of the collected triatomines was analyzed to determine any vector hotspots using spatial recreation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 670 triatomine bugs was collected, belonging to five species: <jats:italic>Triatoma dimidiata<\/jats:italic> (73.2%), <jats:italic>Triatoma venosa<\/jats:italic> (16.7%), <jats:italic>Panstrongylus geniculatus<\/jats:italic> (5.7%), <jats:italic>Rhodnius prolixus<\/jats:italic> (4.4%), and <jats:italic>Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus<\/jats:italic> (0.4%), from 29 of the 52 municipalities. In total, 71.6% of the bugs were collected within houses (intradomiciliary) and the rest around the houses (peridomiciliary). <jats:italic>Triatoma dimidiata<\/jats:italic> was the most widely distributed species and had the highest natural infection index (37.8%), followed by <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>venosa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>geniculatus<\/jats:italic>. TcI was the only DTU found, with the TcI Dom genotype identified in 80% of positive samples and TcI sylvatic in the other insects. Spatial analysis showed clusters of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>dimidiata<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>venosa<\/jats:italic> in the northeast and southwest regions of Boyaca.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>After some municipalities were certified free of natural transmission within houses (intradomiciliary transmission) of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic> by <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>prolixus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>dimidiata<\/jats:italic> has become the most prevalent vector present, and represents a significant risk of resurgent CD transmission. However, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>venosa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>geniculatus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>rufotuberculatus<\/jats:italic> also contribute to the increased risk of transmission. The presence of residual <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>prolixus<\/jats:italic> may undo the successes achieved through vector elimination programs. The molecular and spatial analysis used here allows us to identify areas with an ongoing threat of parasite transmission and improve entomological surveillance strategies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]],"date-time":"2021-07-19T17:33:48Z","timestamp":1626716028000},"page":"e0009574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Distribution and natural infection status of synantrophic triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, reveals new epidemiological scenarios for chagas disease in the Highlands of Colombia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1867-3663","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Omar","family":"Cantillo-Barraza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9688-4386","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara","family":"Zuluaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Caro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5839-8523","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeiczon","family":"Jaimes-Due\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virgilio","family":"Beltr\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3475-0075","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samanta CC","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8031-0225","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Omar","family":"Triana-Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009574.ref001","volume-title":"Annual Report of the Director 2019: Advancing the Sustainable Health Agenda for the Americas","author":"PAHO\/WHO","year":"2019"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009574.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000700021","article-title":"A new consensus for Trypanosoma cruzi intraspecific nomenclature: second revision meeting recommends TcI to TcVI","volume":"104","author":"B Zingales","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009574.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12094","article-title":"First report of human Trypanosoma cruzi infection attributed to TcBat genotype","volume":"61","author":"JD Ramirez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0009574.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.08.028","article-title":"Retrospective molecular integrated epidemiology of Chagas disease in Colombia","volume":"20c","author":"F Guhl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0009574.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.06.006","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi I genotypes in different geographical regions and transmission cycles based on a microsatellite motif of the intergenic spacer of spliced-leader genes","volume":"40","author":"CI Cura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"17","key":"pntd.0009574.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05699.x","article-title":"Contemporary cryptic sexuality in Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"21","author":"JD Ramirez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"pntd.0009574.ref007","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Taxonomia dos Vetores da Doen\u00e7a de Chagas da Forma \u00e0 Mol\u00e9cula, quase tr\u00eas s\u00e9culos de hist\u00f3riaAtualidades em Medicina Tropical no Brazil: Vetores","author":"C. 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