{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T02:17:04Z","timestamp":1793067424566,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004610","name":"Science and Technology Support Program of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BZ2020003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BZ2020003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004610","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010854","name":"jiangsu provincial commission of health and family planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZDRCA2016056, QNRC2016621 and H2018097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDRCA2016056, QNRC2016621 and H2018097"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010854","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008109","name":"wuxi municipal bureau on science and technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSE31N1730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSE31N1730"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem among all disease-endemic countries in 2030 is an ambitious goal. Recent achievements resulting from mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel is promising but may need to be complemented with also other means. Schistosomiasis was highly prevalent in China before the initiation of the national schistosomiasis control program in the mid-1950s, and, at that time, the country bore the world\u2019s highest burden of schistosomiasis. The concerted control efforts, upheld without interruption for more than a half century, have resulted in elimination of the disease as a public health problem in China as of 2015. Here, we describe the current status of schistosomiasis in China, analyze the potential challenges affecting schistosomiasis elimination, and propose the future research needs and priorities for the country, aiming to provide more universal insights into the structures needed for a global schistosomiasis elimination encompassing also other endemic regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T13:27:37Z","timestamp":1628170057000},"page":"e0009578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Elimination of schistosomiasis in China: Current status and future prospects"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0190-1084","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Bergquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8349-9270","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charles H.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8198-132X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9936","key":"pntd.0009578.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009578.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0013-8","article-title":"Schistosomiasis","volume":"4","author":"DP McManus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"pntd.0009578.ref003","volume-title":"Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: WHO Technical Report Series N\u00b0 912. Report of a WHO expert committee","author":"WHO","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009578.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30475-3","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis in the post mass drug administration era","volume":"17","author":"F Mutapi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10159","key":"pntd.0009578.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.","volume":"392","author":"GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"26","key":"pntd.0009578.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812165","article-title":"Schistosomiasis\u2014Assessing progress toward the 2020 and 2025 global goals","volume":"381","author":"AK Deol","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pntd.0009578.ref007","volume-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0009578.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00066-3","article-title":"Spatial distribution of schistosomiasis and treatment needs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and geostatistical analysis","volume":"15","author":"YS Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0009578.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e485","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000485","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in Africa: an emerging tragedy in our new global health decade","volume":"3","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009578.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu506","article-title":"Mass drug administration (MDA) for schistosomiasis","volume":"211","author":"W Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009578.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30535-7","article-title":"A call to strengthen the global strategy against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: the time is now","volume":"17","author":"NC Lo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009578.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0256-8","article-title":"Moving from control to elimination of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: time to change and adapt strategies","volume":"6","author":"LA Tchuem Tchuent\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009578.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1982.31.92","article-title":"Schistosomiasis control in the People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"31","author":"SP Mao","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009578.ref014","first-page":"174","article-title":"Progress and problems in schistosomiasis control in China","volume":"40","author":"MG Chen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0009578.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5253-5","article-title":"History of schistosomiasis epidemiology, current status, and challenges in China: on the road to schistosomiasis elimination","volume":"115","author":"LG Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009578.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3040108","article-title":"\"Farewell to the God of Plague\": The importance of political commitment towards the elimination of schistosomiasis","volume":"3","author":"J Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009578.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00676-5","article-title":"Surveillance-based evidence: elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem in the Peoples\u2019 Republic of China","volume":"9","author":"J Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0009578.ref018","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Control and elimination of schistosomiasis","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2016"},{"key":"pntd.0009578.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2020.04.002","article-title":"Contributions and achievements on schistosomiasis control and elimination in China by NIPD-CTDR","volume":"110","author":"CL Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0009578.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008652","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008652","article-title":"Meta-analyses of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild rodents across China over time indicates a potential challenge to the 2030 elimination targets","volume":"14","author":"HY Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009578.ref021","first-page":"605","article-title":"Progress and challenges of schistosomiasis elimination in China","volume":"30","author":"X Jing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009578.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00758-4","article-title":"Surveillance on schistosomiasis in five provincial-level administrative divisions of the People\u2019s Republic of China in the post-elimination era","volume":"9","author":"JY Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009578.ref023","first-page":"551","article-title":"Endemic status of schistosomiasis in People\u2019s Republic of China in 2019","volume":"32","author":"LJ Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pntd.0009578.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X86000041","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in China: an update","volume":"14","author":"PF Basch","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009578.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86821997000100011","article-title":"A short review of the previous and current epidemiological situation of schistosomiasis in China","volume":"30","author":"LP Cen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009578.ref026","first-page":"321","article-title":"Schistosomiasis situation in People\u2019s Republic of China in 1999","volume":"12","author":"LY Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009578.ref027","first-page":"521","article-title":"Schistosomiasis situation in People\u2019s Republic of China in 2009","volume":"12","author":"Y Hao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi."},{"issue":"9652","key":"pntd.0009578.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61358-6","article-title":"Schistosomiasis control: experiences and lessons from China","volume":"372","author":"L Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0009578.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-408","article-title":"Apropos: factors impacting on progress towards elimination of transmission of schistosomiasis japonica in China","volume":"7","author":"W Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009578.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.03.002","article-title":"Policy support and resources mobilization for the National Schistosomiasis Control Programme in the People\u2019s Republic of China.","volume":"92","author":"H Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009578.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.02.004","article-title":"Integrated control strategy of schistosomiasis in the People\u2019s Republic of China: Projects involving agriculture, water conservancy, forestry, sanitation and environmental modification","volume":"92","author":"Y Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009578.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105670","article-title":"Helminthiases in the People\u2019s Republic of China: Status and prospects","volume":"212","author":"NW Brattig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009578.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E584","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1708729114","article-title":"Impact and cost-effectiveness of snail control to achieve disease control targets for schistosomiasis","volume":"115","author":"NC Lo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009578.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004794","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004794","article-title":"Global assessment of schistosomiasis control over the past century shows targeting the snail intermediate host works best","volume":"10","author":"SH Sokolow","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009578.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.10.002","article-title":"To reduce the global burden of human schistosomiasis, use \u2019old fashioned\u2019 snail control","volume":"34","author":"SH Sokolow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009578.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2018058","article-title":"Effectiveness of the new integrated strategy to control the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"C Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0009578.ref037","first-page":"563","article-title":"Endemic status of schistosomiasis in People\u2019s Republic of China in 2014","volume":"27","author":"ZL Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009578.ref038","first-page":"533","article-title":"Wetland protection and Oncomelania hupensis control.","volume":"25","author":"YX Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009578.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0521-0","article-title":"SWOT analysis on snail control measures applied in the national schistosomiasis control programme in the People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"8","author":"X Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009578.ref040","first-page":"410","article-title":"Assessment of schistosomiasis transmission risk after flood damage in Wuhan City","volume":"30","author":"W Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0009578.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071304","article-title":"The Three Gorges Dam: Does the flooding time determine the distribution of schistosome-transmitting snails in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China?","volume":"15","author":"Y Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0009578.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14090986","article-title":"Identification of potential high-risk habitats within the transmission reach of Oncomelania hupensis after floods based on SAR techniques in a plane region in China","volume":"14","author":"Y Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009578.ref043","first-page":"333","article-title":"Impact of earthquake disaster on schistosomiasis transmission and emergency prevention and control in Sichuan Province","volume":"31","author":"X Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009578.ref044","first-page":"467","article-title":"Mid-term evaluation on schistosomiasis control effect in Lushan earthquake-stricken areas in Sichuan Province","volume":"25","author":"Y Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009578.ref045","first-page":"549","article-title":"Schistosomiasis control effect in Mianyang City in ten years after Wenchuan earthquake","volume":"31","author":"YH Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009578.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2015.12.983","article-title":"Multi-host transmission dynamics of schistosomiasis and its optimal control","volume":"12","author":"C Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Math Biosci Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009578.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0800135","article-title":"A strategy to control transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China","volume":"360","author":"LD Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009578.ref048","first-page":"40","article-title":"Endemic status and control of animal schistosomiasis in China","volume":"31","author":"L Jiao-Jiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009578.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017000907","article-title":"Rodents, goats and dogs\u2014their potential roles in the transmission of schistosomiasis in China","volume":"144","author":"CF VAN Dorssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009578.ref050","first-page":"2021050075","article-title":"Diagnosis of Schistosoma infection in non-human animal hosts: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2021","author":"S Liang","journal-title":"Preprints"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009578.ref051","first-page":"498","article-title":"Impact of \u201cElaphurus davidianus return home project\u201d on the transmission of schistosomiasis in Poyang Lake areas","volume":"32","author":"SB Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0009578.ref052","first-page":"28","article-title":"The epidemiological status of schistosomiasis of wapitis in Shishou City of Hubei Province","volume":"15","author":"XP Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin J Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009578.ref053","first-page":"20","article-title":"Investigation of epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in Gudao region of Changjiang in Shishou City","volume":"14","author":"DS Yuan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin J Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009578.ref054","first-page":"225","article-title":"Challenges and countermeasures of schistosomiasis control in Hunan Province in the new era","volume":"32","author":"SM Li","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"key":"pntd.0009578.ref055","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Early lessons from schistosomiasis mass drug administration programs.","volume":"4","author":"WE Secor","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000Res. F1000 Faculty Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009578.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70099-2","article-title":"Schistosomiasis elimination: lessons from the past guide the future","volume":"10","author":"DJ Gray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009578.ref057","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implementation of precision control to achieve the goal of schistosomiasis elimination in China","volume":"28","author":"XN Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"issue":"16","key":"pntd.0009578.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2002117","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and the global goals","volume":"382","author":"W Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009578.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007238","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007238","article-title":"Efficacy of China-made praziquantel for treatment of schistosomiasis haematobium in Africa: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"XY Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009578.ref060","first-page":"14","article-title":"A path analysis on China\u2019s participation in global health governance: a case study of China Aid of Schistosomiasis Control in Zanzibar","volume":"31","author":"K Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009578.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00360-6","article-title":"Enhancing collaboration between China and African countries for schistosomiasis control","volume":"16","author":"J Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009578.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.02.005","article-title":"China-Africa and China-Asia collaboration on schistosomiasis control: A SWOT analysis","volume":"92","author":"J Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009578","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T13:28:48Z","timestamp":1628170128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009578"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Joanne P.","family":"Webster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009578","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]}}}