{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T04:19:43Z","timestamp":1783052383655,"version":"3.54.6"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009609","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000}}],"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005527","name":"Carter Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005527","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WT206194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT206194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Guinea worm (\n                      <jats:italic>Dracunculus medinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) was detected in Chad in 2010 after a supposed ten-year absence, posing a challenge to the global eradication effort. Initiation of a village-based surveillance system in 2012 revealed a substantial number of dogs infected with Guinea worm, raising questions about paratenic hosts and cross-species transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We coupled genomic and surveillance case data from 2012-2018 to investigate the modes of transmission between dog and human hosts and the geographic connectivity of worms. Eighty-six variants across four genes in the mitochondrial genome identified 41 genetically distinct worm genotypes. Spatiotemporal modeling revealed worms with the same genotype (\u2018genetically identical\u2019) were within a median range of 18.6 kilometers of each other, but largely within approximately 50 kilometers. Genetically identical worms varied in their degree of spatial clustering, suggesting there may be different factors that favor or constrain transmission. Each worm was surrounded by five to ten genetically distinct worms within a 50 kilometer radius. As expected, we observed a change in the genetic similarity distribution between pairs of worms using variants across the complete mitochondrial genome in an independent population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the largest study linking genetic and surveillance data to date of Guinea worm cases in Chad, we show genetic identity and modeling can facilitate the understanding of local transmission. The co-occurrence of genetically non-identical worms in quantitatively identified transmission ranges highlights the necessity for genomic tools to link cases. The improved discrimination between pairs of worms from variants identified across the complete mitochondrial genome suggests that expanding the number of genomic markers could link cases at a finer scale. These results suggest that scaling up genomic surveillance for Guinea worm may provide additional value for programmatic decision-making critical for monitoring cases and intervention efficacy to achieve elimination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T13:40:46Z","timestamp":1627306846000},"page":"e0009609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Linked surveillance and genetic data uncovers programmatically relevant geographic scale of Guinea worm transmission in Chad"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9555-9872","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica V.","family":"Ribado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8533-7304","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nancy J.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9235-2019","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Thiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0325-006X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hil","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5475-3583","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James A.","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5308-0003","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adam","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Tchindebet Ouakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tchonfienet","family":"Moundai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Zirimwabagabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4217-8195","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah Anne J.","family":"Guagliardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1864-8687","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Chabot-Couture","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua L.","family":"Proctor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1623","key":"pntd.0009609.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20120146","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0146","article-title":"Dracunculiasis (guinea worm disease): eradication without a drug or a vaccine","volume":"368","author":"G Biswas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"43","key":"pntd.0009609.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6843a5","article-title":"Progress Toward Global Eradication of Dracunculiasis\u2014January 2018\u2013June 2019","volume":"68","author":"DR Hopkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"pntd.0009609.ref003","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Dracunculiasis eradication;. https:\/\/www.who.int\/dracunculiasis\/certification\/en\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009609.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-1026","article-title":"Recurrence of Guinea worm disease in Chad after a 10-year absence: risk factors for human cases identified in 2010\u20132011","volume":"97","author":"N Sreenivasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"pntd.0009609.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 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