{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:01:00Z","timestamp":1790791260205,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009617","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000}}],"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015539","name":"commonwealth government of australia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Research Training Program (RTP) scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Training Program (RTP) scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015539","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001794","name":"university of queensland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human rabies remains a significant public health problem in Africa with outbreaks reported in most countries. In Nigeria\u2013the most populous country in Africa\u2013rabies causes a significant public health burden partly due to perennial obstacles to implementing a national prevention and control program.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a scoping review using standard Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify and select published articles from Nigeria during 1978\u20132020 reporting on rabies virus infections (human, canine, livestock, and wildlife), canine bites, knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) surveys on rabies and canine ecology studies. We extracted information on study location, year and additional details of each study such as rabies prevalence, general characteristics of offending dogs, dog vaccination status and health-seeking behaviours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 1978 and 2020, 90 published articles met our inclusion criteria. The prevalence of rabies virus antigen detection varied between 3% and 28%, with more studies in the north. Most bites were unprovoked from dog bite studies (36.4%-97%), by dogs with low vaccination rates (12\u201338%). A more significant proportion of biting dogs were owned (31\u201390%). Laboratory confirmation for biting was available for only a small proportion of studies (6%; n = 2\/32). Of the dogs surveyed during ecology studies, indigenous dogs accounted for the majority (62\u201398%), used mostly for security purposes (52\u201398%), with the vaccination rate between 15% and 38% in most states. Studies conducted in areas distant from rabies diagnostic facilities accounted for more human rabies cases and fewer dog rabies cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant improvements are necessary to achieve the elimination of human rabies mediated via dogs by 2030.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T14:58:33Z","timestamp":1629125913000},"page":"e0009617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Rabies epidemiology, prevention and control in Nigeria: Scoping progress towards elimination"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6834-1456","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philip P.","family":"Mshelbwala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1896-1937","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J. 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