{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T18:46:39Z","timestamp":1788547599394,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009628","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000}}],"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The risk of co-infection with <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> and the potential harmful effect on morbidity and control is enhanced by the overlapping distribution of both species in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the reported high endemicity of both species in Nigeria, studies on the spread and effect of their mixed infection are limited. Therefore, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among school children in two communities in South-west Nigeria to investigate the prevalence of mixed human schistosome infection, intensity, and possible ectopic egg elimination.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Urine and stool samples were collected from consenting school children in Ilie and Ore communities of Osun State, Nigeria. <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> eggs were detected in urine using the urine filtration technique, while <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> eggs were detected in stool using the Kato\u2013Katz thick smear technique.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study enrolled 466 primary and secondary school children (211; 45.3% males vs. 255; 54.7% females; mean age 11.6 \u00b1 3.16 years). The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis was 40% (185\/466), with 19% (89\/466) recording single <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection while 9% (41\/465) had a single <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> infection. The geometric mean egg count for <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> was 189.4 egg\/10ml urine; 95% CI: range 115.9\u2013262.9, while for <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>, it was 115.7 epg; 95% CI: range 78.4\u2013152.9. The prevalence of ectopic <jats:italic>S mansoni<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> eggs in urine) was 4.7%, while no ectopic <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> eggs in stool) was recorded. Mixed infection of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> had a prevalence of 9.5% (44\/466). More females (54.5%) presented with <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> co-infection. For both parasites, males had higher infection intensity, with a significant difference observed with <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> (p = 0.0004). Hematuria was significant in individuals with single <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection (p = 0.002), mixed ectopic <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> (p = 0.009) and mixed <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\/ectopic <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> (p = 0.0003).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These findings suggest the probability of interspecific interactions between <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>. Scaling up of mass administration of praziquantel and control measures in the study areas is highly desirable.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T17:30:35Z","timestamp":1627407035000},"page":"e0009628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Prevalence of urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis among school children in South-west Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Johnson A.","family":"Ojo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel A.","family":"Adedokun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akeem A.","family":"Akindele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adedolapo B.","family":"Olorunfemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olawumi A.","family":"Otutu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taiwo A.","family":"Ojurongbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9758-8116","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bolaji N.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thirumalaisamy P.","family":"Velavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6967-9187","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olusola","family":"Ojurongbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref001","unstructured":"WHO. Schistosomiasis. 2020 [cited 11 May 2020]. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/schistosomiasis"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019020","article-title":"Urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria: a 50 year review of prevalence, distribution and disease burden.","volume":"26","author":"CO Ezeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite Paris Fr"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-3-30","article-title":"Efficacy of praziquantel in the treatment of Schistosoma haematobium infection among school-age children in rural communities of Abeokuta, Nigeria.","volume":"3","author":"O Ojurongbe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-58","article-title":"Urinary schistosomiasis among preschool children in a rural community near Abeokuta, Nigeria.","volume":"3","author":"UF Ekpo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70521-7","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk.","volume":"6","author":"P Steinmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30098-9","article-title":"Underestimation of the global burden of schistosomiasis","volume":"391","author":"CH King","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2016.10.012","article-title":"The spatial spread of schistosomiasis: A multidimensional network model applied to Saint-Louis region, Senegal.","volume":"108","author":"M Ciddio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Water Resour"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.11.023","article-title":"Initiating NTD programs targeting schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in two provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Establishment of baseline prevalence for mass drug administration","volume":"166","author":"A Kabore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2012.08.004","article-title":"Urinary Schistosomiasis: Review.","volume":"4","author":"RS Barsoum","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/1742395307084407","article-title":"The unacknowledged impact of chronic schistosomiasis.","volume":"4","author":"CH King","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chronic Illn"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005524","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005524","article-title":"Cognitive deficits and educational loss in children with schistosome infection\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"12","author":"AE Ezeamama","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69440-3","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis.","volume":"368","author":"B Gryseels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2307\/3283998","article-title":"Worm development in hamsters infected with unisex and cross-mated Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium","volume":"81","author":"SB Khalil","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X99000591","article-title":"Mating interactions between Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni.","volume":"73","author":"BL Webster","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-2276.2003.01139.x","article-title":"Interactions between Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni in humans in north Cameroon","volume":"8","author":"P Cunin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health TM IH"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref016","first-page":"348","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni eggs in urine","volume":"94","author":"RC Ratard","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019010","article-title":"No limit in interspecific hybridization in schistosomes: observation from a case report.","volume":"26","author":"J Depaquit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite Paris Fr"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.172028","article-title":"Schistosoma haematobium-Schistosoma mansoni Hybrid Parasite in Migrant Boy, France, 2017","volume":"25","author":"Y Le Govic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00175-4","article-title":"Outbreak of urogenital schistosomiasis in Corsica (France): an epidemiological case study.","volume":"16","author":"J Boissier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(03)00193-4","article-title":"Schistosoma intercalatum: an endangered species in Cameroon","volume":"19","author":"L-A Tchuem Tchuent\u00e9","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.49.697","article-title":"Is Schistosoma mansoni replacing Schistosoma haematobium in the Fayoum?","volume":"49","author":"MF Abdel-Wahab","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)00070-1","article-title":"Emergence of Schistosoma mansoni in the Niger River valley, Niger","volume":"98","author":"A Garba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-227","article-title":"The impact of single versus mixed schistosome species infections on liver, spleen and bladder morbidity within Malian children pre- and post-praziquantel treatment.","volume":"10","author":"A Koukounari","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(99)00013-3","article-title":"Increase of intestinal schistosomiasis after praziquantel treatment in a Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni mixed focus","volume":"73","author":"JC Ernould","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref025","article-title":"Will Nigerians Win the War Against Urinary Schistosomiasis? Prevalence, Intensity, Risk Factors and Knowledge Assessment among Some Rural Communities in Southwestern Nigeria.","volume":"9","author":"OB Awosolu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathog Basel Switz."},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.116232","article-title":"How to Calculate Sample Size for Different Study Designs in Medical Research?","volume":"35","author":"J Charan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med."},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref027","first-page":"397","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni.","volume":"14","author":"N Katz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0346","article-title":"Epidemiology of Schistosomiasis in Two High-Risk Communities of South C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire with Particular Emphasis on Pre-School\u2013Aged Children","volume":"89","author":"JT Coulibaly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref029","unstructured":"Jones I. The History of Schistosomiasis in Nigeria. http:\/\/schisto.stanford.edu\/pdf\/Nigeria.pdf. 2015: 2."},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2973-2","article-title":"Schistosomiasis, intestinal helminthiasis and nutritional status among preschool-aged children in sub-urban communities of Abeokuta, Southwest, Nigeria.","volume":"10","author":"AA Adeniran","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idh.2018.12.003","article-title":"Analysis of Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths mixed infections among pupils in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for control.","volume":"24","author":"DN Aribodor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis Health."},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-9946201658054","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Schistosomiasis among Hausa Communities in Kano State, Nigeria.","volume":"58","author":"S Dawaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2016.08.003","article-title":"Current status of schistosomiasis in Sokoto, Nigeria.","volume":"1","author":"K Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001829","article-title":"Bladder Morbidity and Hepatic Fibrosis in Mixed Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni Infections: A Population-Wide Study in Northern Senegal.","volume":"6","author":"L Meurs","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.02.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of mixed Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium infections in northern Senegal","volume":"42","author":"L Meurs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000571","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000571","article-title":"Bidirectional Introgressive Hybridization between a Cattle and Human Schistosome Species.","volume":"5","author":"T Huyse","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog."},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2110","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002110","article-title":"Introgressive hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium group species in Senegal: species barrier break down between ruminant and human schistosomes.","volume":"7","author":"BL Webster","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.04.001","article-title":"Hybridisation between the two major African schistosome species of humans","volume":"43","author":"T Huyse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000525","article-title":"Barcoding hybrids: heterogeneous distribution of Schistosoma haematobium \u00d7 Schistosoma bovis hybrids across the Senegal River Basin","volume":"145","author":"NAM Boon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018001415","article-title":"Urogenital schistosomiasis and hybridization between Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis in adults living in Richard-Toll, Senegal.","volume":"145","author":"M Sene-Wade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1086\/589511","article-title":"Age-related and infection intensity-related shifts in antibody recognition of defined protein antigens in a schistosome-exposed population","volume":"198","author":"F Mutapi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.06.003","article-title":"Epidemiology and morbidity of Schistosoma mansoni infection in a fishing community along Lake Albert in Uganda","volume":"98","author":"NB Kabatereine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref043","article-title":"Analysis of Complex Patterns of Human Exposure and Immunity to Schistosomiasis mansoni: The Influence of Age, Sex, Ethnicity and IgE.","volume":"4","author":"Fulford AJC Moira AP de","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4314\/swj.v5i1.61485","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni infections amongst school children in Jos, Nigeria.","volume":"5","author":"NO Goselle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci World J."},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0228007","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228007","article-title":"Epidemiology of Schistosoma mansoni infection and associated risk factors among school children attending primary schools nearby rivers in Jimma town, an urban setting, Southwest Ethiopia.","volume":"15","author":"A Tefera","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1997.4148","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni: susceptibility differences between male and female mice can be mediated by testosterone during early infection","volume":"85","author":"M Nakazawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref047","first-page":"153","article-title":"Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the riverine population of Lagdo Lake, northern Cameroon: mixed infections and ethnic factors","volume":"40","author":"CF Robert","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol Off Organ Dtsch Tropenmedizinische Ges Dtsch Ges Tech Zusammenarbeit GTZ"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1996.11813041","article-title":"Patterns of infection and transmission of human schistosomiasis mansoni and schistosomiasis haematobium in White Nile Province, Sudan","volume":"90","author":"ES Ahmed","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009628.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)90886-0","article-title":"The population biology and epidemiology of schistosome and geohelminth infections among schoolchildren in Tanzania","volume":"92","author":"M Booth","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009628","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009628","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T17:39:27Z","timestamp":1628271567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009628"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mike J.","family":"Doenhoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009628","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009628","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]}}}