{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:41:32Z","timestamp":1790617292129,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009652","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000}}],"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"national institute of allergy and infectious diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AI089676"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI089676"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"indian council of medical research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Fellowship\/39\/2018-ECD-II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fellowship\/39\/2018-ECD-II"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>, a major contributor to the malaria burden in India, has the broadest geographic distribution and shows higher genetic diversity than <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>. Here, we investigated the genetic diversity of two leading <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> vaccine candidate antigens, at three geographically diverse malaria-endemic regions in India. <jats:italic>Pvama1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pvmsp1<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>19<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> partial coding sequences were generated from one hundred <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> isolates in India (Chennai n = 28, Nadiad n = 50 and Rourkela n = 22) and ~1100 published sequences from Asia, South America, North America, and Oceania regions included. These data were used to assess the genetic diversity and potential for vaccine candidacy of both antigens on a global scale. A total of 44 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) were identified among 100 Indian <jats:italic>Pvama1<\/jats:italic> sequences, including 10 synonymous and 34 nonsynonymous mutations. Nucleotide diversity was higher in Rourkela and Nadiad as compared to Chennai. Nucleotide diversity measures showed a strong balancing selection in Indian and global population for domain I of <jats:italic>Pvama1<\/jats:italic>, which suggests that it is a dominant target of the protective immune response. In contrast, the <jats:italic>Pvmsp1<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>19<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> region showed highly conserved sequences in India and across the Oceania, South America, North America and Asia, demonstrating low genetic diversity in the global population when compared to <jats:italic>Pvama1<\/jats:italic>. Results suggest the possibility of including <jats:italic>Pvmsp1<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>19<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> in a multivalent vaccine formulation against <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> infections. However, the high genetic diversity seen in <jats:italic>Pvama1<\/jats:italic> would be more challenging for vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T19:01:24Z","timestamp":1628535684000},"page":"e0009652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Genetic diversity in two leading Plasmodium vivax malaria vaccine candidates AMA1 and MSP119 at three sites in India"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sonal","family":"Kale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4839-7276","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Veena","family":"Pande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5135-6654","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Om P.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9340-5020","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jane M.","family":"Carlton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5866-717X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Prashant 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